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Cardiovascular > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Secretion of this hormone is controlled by the hypothalamus

  • FSH.
  • LH
  • GH.
  • ACTH( Stress)
  • Prolactin (breast milk)
  • TSH (Regulates how your body uses energy)
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2
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Vasopressin(ADH)antidiuretic hormone-regulates water retention in the body

                   Oxytocin ( causes or strengthens labor contraction . controls bleeding after child birth .
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3
Q

Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland

                                   diabetes Insipidus
A

Deficiency in anti -diuretic hormone which causes the kidney to be unable to conserve water properly.

                 - urine  chemistry (dilute )
                - urine specific grvity: 1.003-1030
                - low urine specific gravity (person is drinking too much water)
                - low urine osmolarity

               Serum chemistry ( Concentrated)
                Hypernatremia
                High serum osmolarity

              Polyuria and polydipsia(excess thirst)
              increased urine output 
              dehydration , weight loss,muscle weakness, dry skin.
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4
Q

Nursing intervention of

               as low urine specific gravity
A
  • monitor output and urine specific gravity
  • weigh client daily
  • Monitor blood pressure and heart rate.
  • Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
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5
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of

antidiuretic hormone.(SIADH)

A

Retain a lot of water

  • urine chemistry will be (concentrated)
  • high urine specific gravity and osmolarity.
serum chemistry ( diluted )
 -hyponatremia
-decreased serum osmolarity
mental confusion , irritable,lethargy,seizure.
- weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting
- increased ADH levels.
-weight gain
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6
Q

Nursing intervention of SIADH

A

.- restrict oral fluids (500-1000ml/day)

  • monitor input and output
  • weigh the client daily
  • monitor for HBP, tachycardia and hypothermia
  • monitor mental status.
  • initiate seizure precaution ,

medication - hypertonic saline infusion ( sodium chloride 3-5 %)
loop diuretic

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7
Q

Disorders of Adrenal gland

Produces cortisol, Aldestorone and sex hormone

A

Addison’s disease(hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormone )

Caused by autoimmune disease, tb, histoplasmosis, adrenalectomny, tumors , HIV.

Manifestations _ weakness+ fatigue

                          - nausea and vomiting
                          - hyperpigmentation
                           - hypotension,increased heart rate
                           - hypoglycemia
                           - hyponatremia
                           - hyperkalemia(due to hypoaldesterone the function of aldesterone. is to excrete dietary potassium . _
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8
Q

,

    Nursing intervention of adrenal insufficiency.
A

Monitor blood pressure and heart rythm.
Monitor fluid and electrolyte balance .
Monter and treat hypoglycemia

Medication - cortisone , hydrocortisone, prednisone.

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9
Q

Cushions syndrome

A

Hyper-secretion of the glucocorticoids by hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. ‘

Manifestation
Upper body obesity and thin extremities
Osteoporosis
Hyperglycemia, hypernatremia,hypokalemia., hypocalcemia.

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10
Q

4 s’s of cushion and Addisons disease.

A

Cushions syndrome Addison’s disease
Steroid- up. down ( need to add)
Sugar
Sodium
Skin. thin, fragile. hyperpigmentation

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11
Q

Thyroid gland has a rich blood supply producing t3 t4 and calcitonin

                                Hypothyroidism
A 
Fatigue , weakness..
Increased sensitivity to the cold
Weight gain.
Depressi
Menstrual disturbances.
Hyperlipidemia(increase in fat and cholesterol  in blood)and anemia -
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12
Q

Nursing intervention

A
  • Provide low calorie, low fat, low cholesterol
  • increase roughage and fiber.
  • avoid sedatives

Medication _ levothyroxine(taken on empty stomach)

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13
Q

hyperthyroidism

A 
Anxiety + irritability 
tachycardia 
diaphoresis
Weight loss
Exophthalmos
Light or absent mensural cycle.

Diagnostic procedure
Elevated t3 and t4
Low TSH(pituitary senses a rise in TSH in the blood and stops producing

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14
Q

_ Can cause thyroid storm if left untreated manifestation include hypertension,tachycardia

A

Nursing intervention
- monitor vital signs
medication
_beta blocker to manage tachycardia,anxiety + tremors.
-propylithioracil (PTU) blocks production of thyroid hormone
-lodides decreases vascularity and inhibits the release of thyroid hormone(administer through a straw)
a)lugols solution
b) saturated solution of potassium iodide

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15
Q

Parathyroid -maintains calcium and phosphate levels.

                       Hypoparathyroidism.
A

_hyposecretion of the parathyroid hormone(PTH)resulting in hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia which is caused by the surgical removal of the parathyroid gland.

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16
Q

Manifestation of hypocalcemia

A

Paraesthesia- pins and needles
Muscle cramps and tetany ( spasm of hands , feet, cramps , spasm of voice box)
positive chovostek sign-tapping on the cheek causes muscle spasm and twitching around the mouth, throat and cheeks.
Trousseau’s sign- pressure from the blood pressure cuff induces muscle spasm in the distal extremity.
Severe tetany Cain cause dysphagia + seizures

17
Q

Nursing intervention

A
  • monitor ECG
  • monitor signs - neuromuscular irritability
  • provide high calcium low phosphate diet( protein rich foods such as meats, fish , nuts, beans , dairy )
18
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

loss of calcium from bones into serum hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia

A 
Osteoporosis
Hypercalcemia + hypophosphatemia
Muscle weakness + fatigue.
Skeletal + joint pain
Polyuria + polydipsia
HTN
Cardiac dysarrythmia
19
Q

Nursing intervention

A
  • encourage a minimum of 2000ml fluids daily
  • provide low calcium(calcium in green leafy vegetables such as okra, kale, spinach),low vitamin D diet..
  • check pt’s urine
  • reinforce teaching about safety measure to prevent fracture.
  • encourage cranberry juice to lower urine PH.
20
Q

Medication

A

Calcemimetics- mimics calcium blood and can cause the parathyroid to decrease release of parathormone.

Calcitonin - decreases the release of skeletal calcium and increases the kidney excretion of calcium.

Hydration and diuretics(furosemide) promotes excretion of excess calcium

21
Q 
Pancreas
Has exocrine( pancreatic enzyme , lipase, trypsin and amylase) and endocrine(glucagon , soma statin)
A

Insulin lowers blood glucose
Type 1 diabetes -problem with beta cells that produce insulin and therefore insulin is not produced.
Type 2 diabetes-there is a resistance in insulin or inadequate production.
If the beta cells cannot produce enough insulin to meet the demands of glucagon type 2 diabetes develop.

Diagnosis criteria
Plasma glucose of 200mg/dl .
Fasting blood glucose of 126 mg/dl or greater.
Normal fasting blood glucose 70-105 mgldl

Manifestation
Polyuria
Polydipsia 
Polyphagia
Falgue and weakness
Loss of vision
Type 1- sudden weight loss, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain.
22
Q

Possible complications

                              hypoglycemia_occurs when blood glucose is below 60 mg/dl
A

Which causes Decreased dietary intake,excess insulin production

Manifestations
Tachycardia
Diaphoresis
Weakness + fatigue.

23
Q

Nursing intervention

A

Administer 15g of fast acting simple carbohydrates
3 or 4 glucose tablet for the equivalent of 15 g carbohydrates

4oz fruit juice or regular soda.
6-10 hard candies.
2-3 teaspoon or sugar or honey.

Follow the 15/15/15 rule
give 15g of fast acting carbs wait 15 min recheck if falls below 70 mg/ give another 15g of simple carb
give 7g of protein when glucose level is within normal limit.
2 tablespoons of peanut butter
1 oz cheese
8 oz of milk

24
Q

hyperglycemia_ an elevated blood glucose, generally treated with sliding scale insulin to return serum blood glucose to normal.

A
  • regular insulin
    medication
    Insulin pump-an external device that provides a basal dose of rapid acting or regular insulin

Cardiovascular (7 decks)

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