endocrine system

Question 1

2 types of hormones

Answer 1

peptide hormones: modified amino acids, small peptides, or proteins
cells will have more rough ER
secreted by secretory granules via exocytosis

steroid hormones: lipid based (cholesterol derived)
cells will have more smooth ER
secreted by diffusion

Question 2

types of endocrine glands

Answer 2

1. pure endocrine: only endocrine cells
2. organs containing endocrine cells (but also function in another system)
3. organs containing some endocrine cells

Question 3

list the pure endocrine glands (5)

Answer 3

1. pituitary
2. pineal
3. thyroid
4. parathyroid
5. adrenal glands

Question 4

list the organs containing endocrine cells (4)

Answer 4

1. hypothalamus
2. pancreas
3. thymus
4. gonads

Question 5

list the organs containing some endocrine glands (5)

Answer 5

1. heart
2. kidneys
3. digestive tract
4. placenta
5. skin

Question 6

2 basic divisions of the pituitary gland

Answer 6

1. anterior (adenohypophysis)

2. posterior (neurohypophysis)

Question 7

major divisions of the adenohypophysis (and what cells they contain)

Answer 7

1. pars distalis (corticotropic, thyrotropic, somatropic, prolactin, gonadotropic, ehromophobes)
2. pars intermedia (corticotropic releasing more MSH than ACTH)
3. pars tuberalis (gonadotropic, thyrotropic)

Question 8

major divisions of neurohypophysis

Answer 8

1. pars nervosa

2. infundibulum

Question 9

corticotropic cells release

Answer 9

ACTH - stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids in long term stress response

MSH - target is CNS for appetite suppression

Question 10

thyrotropic cells release

Answer 10

TSH - targets follicular cells of thyroid to release T3 and T4

Question 11

gonadotropic cells release

Answer 11

FSH - ovaries and testes to release testosterone, estrogen, and for follicle maturation, sperm production

LH - ovaries and testes to produce sex hormones and trigger ovulation

Question 12

somatotropic cells release

Answer 12

GH - to most places in the body causes protein synthesis, somatic growth, metabolizes fats, increase blood glucose

Question 13

neurohypohysis secretes

Answer 13

1. oxytocin to uterus and breast for labor and milk production
2. ADH - to kidneys to resorb more water and avoid fluid loss

Question 14

what is the largest pure endocrine gland

Answer 14

thyroid (located in the neck)

Question 15

thyroid hormones

Answer 15

T3 and T4 (produced by follicular cells, main function is to increase basal metabolic rate)

Question 16

calcitonin

Answer 16

produced by parafollicular cells - function is to lower blood calcium level when it is too high

a. osteoclasts to slow release Ca from bones
b. increase Ca excretion by kidneys

Question 17

thyroglobin

Answer 17

is the thyroid hormone precursor which is converted when TSH stimulates follicular cells

Question 18

where is the parathyroid gland located

Answer 18

on the posterior surface of the thyroid

Question 19

what does parathyroid secrete

Answer 19

PTH - increases blood calcium level when it is too low

a. osteoclasts to increase release of Ca from bones
b. decrease Ca excretion in kidneys

Question 20

2 main divisions of the adrenal gland

Answer 20

1. adrenal cortex

2. adrenal medulla

Question 21

what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete and what is the function

Answer 21

adrenal medulla - catecholamines
(epinephrine, norepinephrine)

function: short term stress response
increase heart rate, increase BP, dilate bronchioles, liver release glucose, BMR increase, less blood to digestive system and urine output

Question 22

what hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete and what is the function

Answer 22

adrenal cortex - corticosteroids

Question 23

where is the pineal gland located

Answer 23

the roof of the diencephalon in the brain

Question 24

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete and what is the function

Answer 24

pinealocytes in the pineal gland secrete melatonin which responds to lack of light visual input from the retina to increase sleepiness

Question 25

where is the pancreas located

Answer 25

posterior abdominal wall

Question 26

4 types of pancreatic cells

Answer 26

1. alpha cells
2. beta cells
3. delta cells
4. pp cells

Question 27

alpha cells release

Answer 27

glucagon which increases blood glucose

Question 28

beta cells release

Answer 28

insulin which decreases blood glucose

Question 29

delta cells release

Answer 29

somatostatin which may inhibit alpha and beta cells

Question 30

pp cells release

Answer 30

secrete pancreatic polypeptide which may inhibit exocrine activity

Question 31

where is the thymus located

Answer 31

in the lower neck and anterior thorax just posterior to the sternum

Question 32

what hormone does the thymus release

Answer 32

thymopoietin and thymosin which trigger the maturation of T-lymphocytes

Question 33

testes secrete

Answer 33

testosterone - sperm formation, maintains reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics

Question 34

ovaries secrete

Answer 34

1. estrogen - maintains reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
2. progesterone - prepares uterus for pregnancy

Question 35

heart hormone

Answer 35

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) which decreases blood volume and BP

Question 36

GI tract

Answer 36

enteroendocrine cell secreting hormones

Question 37

placenta hormone

Answer 37

human chorionic gonadotropin - used to test for pregnancy

Question 38

kidneys hormone

Answer 38

erythropoietin - signals bone marrow to increase red blood cell production

Question 39

skin hormone

Answer 39

convert modified cholesterol molecules to vitamin D (needed for calcium metabolism)