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endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

glands

A

widely separated secretory cells around capillaries

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2
Q

where do ductless glands discharge into?

A
  • discharge directly into blood vessels
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3
Q

hormones

A
  • chemical messengers carried to target

synthesised amino acids or steroids

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4
Q

what is homeostasis controlled by?

A

controlled by autonomic NS or endocrine

system, through positive or negative feedback

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5
Q

where does endocrine system give fine/subtle control too?

A

whole body, not just local area

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6
Q

endocrine glands (13 glands)

A 
 1 pituitary gland (+ hypothalamus)
 1 pineal body
 1 thymus
 1 thyroid gland
 4 parathyroid glands
 2 adrenal (suprarenal) glands
 The islets of Langerhans (Pancreas)
 2 ovaries or testes
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7
Q

where do hormones bind ?

A

 Bind to receptor sites on target cells

 Water-soluble hormone receptor on the
cell wall
 Lipid-soluble hormone receptor inside cell
 Level is variable & self-regulated, gives
fine & subtle control
 Negative & positive feedback

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8
Q

what do hormones control

A

Control chemical/metabolic actions in cell

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9
Q

where is the Pituitary Gland & Hypothalamus located

A

Lies in hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone
Lies below hypothalamus and connected to it
by stalk called infundibulum

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10
Q

what is Thyroid Hormone (TSH) stimulated by

A

Stimulated by TRH

hypothalamus

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11
Q

what does thyroid gland secrete

A

thyroxin

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12
Q

when is TSH at its highest

A

at night

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13
Q

what type of feednach does TSH have

A

negative feedback

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14
Q

what is Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulated by

A

stimulated by CRH from Hypothalamus. Increases cholesterol & steroids, esp.
Cortisol.

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15
Q

when is ACTH at its highest and lowest

A

Highest 8am lowest midnight (circadian rhythm).

Neg feed back

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16
Q

what does ACTH increase

A

increases cholesterol & steroids, esp. Cortisol.

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17
Q

what does Prolactin stimulate

A

Prolactin Stimulates lactation – effect on breasts after parturition.
Stimulated by PRH hypothalamus. Inhibited by PIH. Relates to sleep.

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18
Q

what is prolactin stimulated by

A

Stimulated by PRH hypothalamus.

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19
Q

what is prolactin inhibited by

A

PIH

20
Q

Where are Gonadotrophins (sex hormones) secreted to stimulate ?

A

secreted to stimulate FSH & LH. This stimulates Oestrogen & Progesterone and
testosterone

21
Q

what are Posterior Pituitary made up of?

A

Made up of nervous tissue -Pituicytes

22
Q

what does oxytocin stimulate

A

Oxytocin stimulates 2 target tissues – uterine smooth

muscle & muscle of lactating breast. Positive feed back

23
Q 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or
Vasopressin. what does it reduce and how?
A

reduces urine output by increasing
water permeability of distal convoluted tubules in the
kidney.

24
Q

what are 2 thyroid glands

A

Thyroxin (T4) &

Triiodothyronine (T3)

25
Q

what does calcitonin act on?

A 
on bone & kidneys to reduce
blood calcium when raised. Opposite effect to
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
26
Q

what is Parathyroid hormone – (PTH) secretion regulated by?

A

by calcium level (negative feedback)

27
Q

functions of Parathyroid hormone – (PTH)

A

Main function increase blood calcium when low
Increases amount absorbed small intestine ……&/or
Reabsorbed from renal tubules………….&/or
Stimulates osteoclasts-destroys bone-Ca+ from bone

28
Q

what is Ca+ needed for?

A

Ca+ needed for muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission

29
Q

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands

A

2 glands - 1 on each upper pole of kidney
4cm x 3cm
Each in 2 parts with different functions
Cortex – outer part
Medulla – inner part

30
Q

what three types of hormones does Adrenal Cortex

Secrete

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex hormones

31
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Regulates metabolism & response to stress.

Circadian rhythm.

32
Q

Functions of glucocorticoids

steroids) (4

A 
Have anti-inflammatory action
Suppress immune response
 suppress tissue response to
injury
Delay wound healing
33
Q

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A

Maintenance balance water & electrolytes

Stimulates sodium reabsorption in renal tubules

34
Q

where does the Adrenal Medulla develop from?

A

 Develops from nervous tissue in embryo

35
Q

what does the Adrenal Medulla produce?

A

Produces adrenaline & noradrenaline

36
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

37
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

insulin

38
Q

Delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin (GHRIH)

39
Q

what is the normal blood glucose ?

A

2.5 – 5.3 mmol/lt

40
Q

what does the pineal gland excrete

A

Excretes melatonin

41
Q

Histamine

A

secreted by mast cells. Part of inflammatory response

42
Q

Serotonin

A

Contraction smooth muscle. Haemostasis

43
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Inflammatory response, pain, fever, BP, blood clotting

44
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Made in kidney. Blood formation

45
Q

Gastrointestinal hormones

A

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin influence digestive

juices

Human Science (6 decks)

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