blood

Question 1

what are the components of blood?

Answer 1

Plasma (55%).

Cells/cell fragments (45%)

Question 2

Albumins

Answer 2

maintain a normal plasma osmotic

pressure (formed in the liver)

Question 3

Globulins

Answer 3

antibodies, transport of hormones

formed in the liver

Question 4

Inorganic salts ( Fe, Ca) required for:

Answer 4

Cell formation
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Maintenance of blood pH (7.35-7.45)

Question 5

Hormones Synthesised and secreted into blood by

Answer 5

endocrine glands

Question 6

Nutrients are absorbed into the blood via…

Answer 6

the capillary system surrounding the GI tract

Question 7

what is oxygen carried in combination with

Answer 7

haemoglobin

Question 8

what is Carbon dioxide mostly carried as

Answer 8

bicarbonate ions in plasma

Question 9

what are the waste products of protein metabolism

Answer 9

Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine

Question 10

cells in blood

Answer 10

Erythrocytes (red cells)
Leukocytes (white cells)
Thrombocytes

Question 11

what are Erythrocytes: Red Cells Facilitated by

Answer 11

carbonic anhydrase

Question 12

Erythrocytes: Red Cells STRUCTURE

Answer 12

Circular bi-concave discs
• 7 micrometers in diameter
• No nucleus

Question 13

WHAT IS THE FORMATION OF Erythrocytes: Red Cells CALLED

Answer 13

-erythropoiesis

Question 14

reticulocytes

Answer 14

Immature red blood cells

Question 15

what organ secretes erythropoietin

Answer 15

kidneys

Question 16

haemoglobin(Hb) molecule Consists of …

Answer 16

4 polypeptide

Question 17

what does each polypeptide attach to

Answer 17

haeme

Question 18

how many molecules oxygen can bind to each haeme

Answer 18

1

Question 19

where are Erythrocytes broken down

Answer 19

Spleen
Liver
Bone marrow.

Question 20

Average life of erthrocytes

Answer 20

120 days

Question 21

Diseases related to erythrocytes

Answer 21

Anaemia
• Iron deficiency
• Megaloblastic
• Hypoplastic
• Haemolytic
• Normocytic

Question 22

Leukocytes –white blood cells

Answer 22

Defence against pathogenic organisms

Question 23

Neutrophils

Answer 23

phagocytosis of pathogens

Question 24

Basophils

Answer 24

secrete histamine, seratonin

Question 25

Eosinophils

Answer 25

parasitic defence and allergy

Question 26

Monocytes

Answer 26

phagocytosis

Question 27

Thrombocytes

Answer 27

Small, non nucleated discs Role in blood clotting life span is 8-11 days

Question 28

Functions of blood

Answer 28

heat regulation transport through the body of molecules and ions defence of the body against infections and other foreign materials. All the WBCs participate in these defences

Question 29

4 processes of Haemostasis

Answer 29

Vasoconstriction Platelet plug formation Coagulation Fibrinolysis

Question 30

Vasoconstriction

Answer 30

``` Platelets come into contact with damaged endothelium of blood vessels Release: • Serotonin • Which causes vasoconstriction Damaged blood vessels release vasoconstrictors themselves e.g. thromboxane ```

Question 31

Platelet Plug Formation

Answer 31

Platelets become sticky and cling to each other Platelets release substances which encourage other platelets to adhere to them

Question 32

Function of platelet plug formation

Answer 32

Forms a temporary seal

Question 33

Coagulation

Answer 33

Transformation of a liquid into a semisolid or | solid mass

Question 34

what initiates coagulation

Answer 34

clotting factors

Question 35

what is fibrinogen (soluble plasma protein) converted into?

Answer 35

fibrin (insoluble)

Question 36

what strengthens a blood clot in coagulation

Answer 36

• Blood cells become entangled in the fibrin | mesh which strengthens the clot further

Question 37

Fibrinolysis

Answer 37

Breakdown of a clot | First stage of healing

Question 38

what is Plasminogen in blood is converted into

Answer 38

plasmin

Question 39

what does plasmin break down

Answer 39

fibrin into soluble products that are removed by phagocytosis

Question 40

Control of Coagulation

Answer 40

``` Smooth endothelium of blood vessels mean platelets do not adhere to it in normal circumstances • Natural anticoagulants in the blood • Thrombin binds to receptors lining blood vessels which inactivate it ```

Question 41

Von Willebrands Disease

Answer 41

``` Decreased Von Willebrands factor • Von Willebrands factor helps platelets aggregate and stabilises factor VIII • Formation of platelet plug affected • Coagulation cascade affected • Same management as haemophilia patients ```

Question 42

Medication affecting coagulation

Answer 42

Aspirin • Warfarin • Heparin • Clopidogrel

Question 43

Aspirin

Answer 43

Inhibits platelet aggregation | • Lasts 7-10 days