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Histology 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Main functions of endocrine system

A

Maintain body homeostasis
Help body to react to stress along with nervous system
Regulate growth and development, including sexual development and reproduction

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2
Q

How does the endocrine system function?

A

Synthesis and secretion of hormones which act as chemical messengers that are released into the blood to act at specific distant receptors

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3
Q

What are the 4 main types of hormones?

A

Protein and glycoprotein hormones - insulin, parathormone
Small peptide hormones - vasopressin, oxytocin
Hormones that are derivatives of amino acids - thyroxin, adrenalin
Steroids derived from cholesterol - testosterone, cortisol

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4
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

Major endocrine organs (principal/only role is hormone production e.g. thyroid gland, adrenal gland)
Organs with a partial but significant endocrine role (pancreas, ovary, testes)
Diffuse endocrine system (scattered cells within an organ that have endocrine function e.g. enteroendocrine cells of gut)

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5
Q

Some major endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
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6
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Just below hypothalamus

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7
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary called?

A

Anterior - adenohypophysis

Posterior - neurohypophysis

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8
Q

How do the two lobes of the pituitary develop?

A

Neurohypophysis develops as downward growth of hypothalamus and stays attached by pituitary stalk.
Adenohypophysis develops as an upward pocket of epithelium in the roof of the oral cavity called Rathke’s pouch

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9
Q

How is hormone secretion in the anterior pituitary lobe controlled?

A

Hormones from the hypothalamus delivered by the hypothalmic-hypophyseal portal system

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10
Q

What does the posterior pituitary lobe secrete?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

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11
Q

What does the anterior pituitary lobe secrete?

A 
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Gonadotrophins
Adrenocorticotropic homrone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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12
Q

What hormones regulate the anterior pituitary lobe?

A 
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Somatostatin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Dopamine
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
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13
Q

What five cell types are present in the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

Acidophils:

  • Somatotrophs
  • Thyrotrophs

Basophils:

  • Corticotrophs
  • Lactotrophs
  • Gonadotrophs
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14
Q

What is the pars intermedia?

A

The portion of the anterior lobe bordering the posterior lobe
Remnant of the lumen in Rathke’s pouch

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15
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid?

A

Thyroid follicle - a spherical space lined by epithelial cells that are low cuboidal when inactive but nearly columnar when active

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16
Q

What are the main thyroid hormones?

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

17
Q

Where are thyroid C cells found?

A

Adjacent to follicular cells

Within basal lamina surrounding follicle but not in contact with the colloid

18
Q

What is the secretory product of thyroid C cells?

A

Calcitonin

19
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium

20
Q

What are the parathyroid glands and what are their function?

A

4 small oval glands on posterior surface of thyroid

Produce parathyroid hormone

21
Q

How does parathormone increase serum calcium?

A

Stimulating release of calcium from bone
Increasing renal calcium reabsorption
Increasing calcium absorption from the gut

22
Q

What 3 cells are present in parathyroid glands?

A

Chief cells
Oxyphils
Adipose cells

23
Q

What makes up the adrenal glands?

A 
Adrenal cortex (formed of epithelial cells)
Adrenal medulla (formed of neural crest cells) 
Both surrounded by a thick capsule with connective tissue trabeculae extending inward through the cortex
24
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciulata
Zona reticularis

25
Q

What 3 types of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Mineralcorticoids e.g. aldosterone (zona glomerulosa)
Glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol (zona fasciulata)
Sex hormones e.g. androgens (zona reticularis)

26
Q

Function of the adrenal medulla

A

Reinforces action of sympathetic nervous system at times of stress
Cells contain granules of adrenaline and noradrenaline that are released into the blood in response to sympathetic stimulation
Raises blood pressure, increasing heart rate, causing bronchodilation etc

27
Q

What are the 3 principal cell types in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans?

A

Insuling secreting cells (beta cells)
Glucagon secreting cells (alpha cells)
Somatostatin secreting cells (delta cells)

28
Q

Endocrine function of testes

A

Leydig cells produce testosterone

29
Q

Endocrine function of ovaries

A

Theca interna produces precursors which are converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells

Histology 2 (11 decks)

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