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Histology 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the 3 basic layer of blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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2
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells - endothelial cells
Supported by a basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue

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3
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

Predominately smooth muscle

Thickness of layer varies

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4
Q

What makes up the tunica adventitia?

A

Supporting connective tissue

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5
Q

What separates the tunica layers?

A

Internal elastic membrane separates TI from TM

External elastic membrane separates TM frrom TA

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6
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

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7
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

Endothelial cell

Basal lamina

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8
Q

Where do capillaries drain?

A

Post-capillary venules

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9
Q

What are post-capillary venules made of?

A

Endothelial cell lines

Thin layer of connective tissue

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10
Q

What changes a post-capillary venule to a venule?

A

When the vessel begins to acquire intermittent smooth muscle in the tunica media

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11
Q

Structure of veins

A

Normal tunica intima
Thin but continuous tunica media, consisting of a few layers of smooth muscle
An obvious tunica adventitia

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12
Q

Structure of artery

A

Thick tunica media

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13
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

45% formed elements

55% plasma

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14
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

90% water
proteins
nutrients
salts

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15
Q

What makes up the formed elements?

A

Red Cells
White cells
Platelets

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16
Q

What types of white cells are present in the blood?

A

Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes - lymphocytes, monocytes

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17
Q

How can blood be separated?

A

Spinning in a centrifuge
Red cells are densest so are found at bottom after spinning
White cells next and plasma on top

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18
Q

Where are most proteins in the blood produced?

What are they?

A

Liver

Serum albumin, clotting factors and complement components

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19
Q

What are the roles of albumin?

A

Maintain osmotic pressure

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20
Q

Structure of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave discs

7 microns in diameter

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21
Q

Why are mature erythrocytes not true cells?

A

They have no nucleus or organelles

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22
Q

Strucutre of mature erythrocytes

A

1/3 volume haemoglobin
Contain a network of flexible cytoskeletal elements allowing them to deform and slip through spaces smaller than themselves
Mammalian erythrocytes lack nuclei
Non-mammalian vertebrates have nuclei

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23
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

In the lungs it picks up oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin

Delivers the oxygen to the tissues

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24
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported back to lungs?

A

70% dissolved in the plasma

30% bound to haemoglobin

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25
Q

How long do erythrocytes last in circulation?

A

Approx 4 months

Removed by spleen and liver

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26
Q

What is a rouleau?

A

A stack of erythrocytes

May indicate disease

27
Q

Proportions of white blood cells

A 
neutrophils - 40-75%
eosinophils - 5%
basophils - 0.5%
lymphocytes - 20-50%
monocytes - 1-5%
28
Q

Structure of neutrophils

A

Cytoplasm contains mainly granules

Prominent, multi-lobed nucleus = polymorphonuclear leukocytes

29
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

Circulate in an inactive state
Stimulated by presence of bacteria or inflammation
Enter the tissue as highly motile phagocytes that ingest bacteria or damaged cells
Abundant and short-lived which means that a significant portion of bone marrow is devoted to their production

30
Q

Role of eosinophils

A

Released from marrow and circulate for 8-12 hours
Then move into tissue (spleen, lymph nodes and GI tract) where most eosinophils live
Induce and maintain inflammation, particularly in allergic reactions and asthma
Also fight parasitic infection

31
Q

Structure of eosinophils

A

Slightly larger than neutrophils

Bilobed nucleus

32
Q

Structure of basophils

A

Prominent granules in cytoplasm

Bilobed nucleus but often obscured by granules

33
Q

Role of basophils

A

Act as effector cells in allergic reactions
Directed against particular allergens and bind their antigen to stimulate granule release
Leads to hayfever, allergic asthma or dermatitis

34
Q

What cells are basophils similar to?

A

Mast cells

35
Q

Structure of monocytes

A

Found in bone marrow and blood
Numerous small lysosomal granules
Largest cells circulating in blood, particularly found in loose connective tissue
Non-lobulated nucleus which often appears as kidney bean shaped

36
Q

Role of monocytes

A

Serve as precursors of tissue macrophages

Together they form the mononuclear phagocyte system

37
Q

What members of the mononuclear phagocytic system remain resident in particular tissues?

A

Kupffer cells in the liver

Microglia in the brain

38
Q

Structure of lymphocytes

A

Round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm with no visible granules
Two classes - B cells and T cells

39
Q

Role of lymphocytes

A

Participate in specific immune response
B cells give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells
T cells form a complex set of cells that perform many defense functions

40
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small cell fragments about 2 microns in diamter
Found in large numbers in blood
Play a key role in homeostasis

41
Q

Role of platelets

A

Hemostasis - platelets adhere to the site of damage, aggregate and degranulate
Activate production of fibrin which participates in clot formation

42
Q

Where is the earliest site of erythrocyte formation during development?

A

Outside the embryo in the yolk sac about 3 weeks gestation

43
Q

Where is the principal site of blood formation in the second trimester?

A

Liver

44
Q

Where is the main site of blood formation by birth?

A

Bone marrow

As bones enlarge during growth, there is excess capacity so hemopoiesis is shut down in many bones

45
Q

By skeletal maturity, where retains hemopoiesis?

A 
Vertebrae
Ribs
Skull
Pelvis
Proximal femurs
46
Q

What are the four classes of stem cells?

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Committed progenitor cells

Can all reproduce themselves, maintaining the pool of stem cells

47
Q

Function of totipotent stem cells

A

Form all cell types of the adult plus any extra embryonic tissue produced during development
e.g - fertilised ovum

48
Q

Function of pluripotent stem cells

A

Give rise to all functional cell types of the animal

e.g. - embryonic stem cells, hemopoietic stem cells

49
Q

Function of multipotent stem cells

A

Give rise to a restricted set of cell types

e.g. - lymphoid stem cells

50
Q

Function of committed progenitor cells

A

Can produce only one cell type

e.g. - CFU-E cells produce only erythrocytes

51
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Giant cells found in bone marrow

52
Q

What controls the production of blood cells in the bone marrow?

A

A complex set of growth factors and hrmones

53
Q

What do locally produced growth promoters include?

A

Several colony stimulating factors

54
Q

What do systemic factors include?

A

Several of the interleukins produced by leukocytes

55
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate and where is it produced?

A

Produced in kidney

Stimulates erythrocyte production

56
Q

What are the 3 stages of blood cell production?

A

Proliferation
Differentiation
Maturation

57
Q

What do the granules of neutrophils contain?

A

Numerous enzymes and microbicidal agents

58
Q

What do the granules of eosinophils contain?

A

A variety of hydrolytic enzymes and they have a variety of surface receptors

59
Q

What do the granules of basophils contain?

A

Histamine, heparin and other inflammatory mediators

60
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

An erythrocyte after it develops and matures through steps that include production of haemoglobin and extrusion of the nucleus

61
Q

Why is termed a reticulocyte?

A

Because of the granules of RNA in their cytoplasm

62
Q

How long do reticulocytes last?

A

They circulate for 1-2 days in the blood stream before RNA is lost and a mature RBC is formed

63
Q

What is the blood brain barrier induced by?

A

Astrocytes (induced by, not formed by)

Histology 2 (11 decks)

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