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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system uses ____ to communicate?

A

Hormones

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2
Q

What is a Hormone?

A

A hormone is a chemical messenger that travels in the bloodstream to other tissues or organs to stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ

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3
Q

What are the 4 principal mechanisms of communication between cells in the body?
GNPH

A

Gap junctions
Neurotransmitters
Paracrines
Hormones

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4
Q

What are gap junctions and where are the commonly found?

A

The are pores in cells that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell.
Used by smooth and cardiac muscle

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5
Q

What are paracrines?

A

The are short acting hormones released by cells to affect a local area

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6
Q

The endocrine system is composed of what?

A

Hormone producing glands, tissues, and cells

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7
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands with ducts that secrete substances to an epithelial surface “external secretions”

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8
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands with ducts that secrete hormones into the body “internal secretions”
Composed of dense fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones by the blood

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9
Q

What are three neurotransmitters that also act as hormones?

AND

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Nor-epinephrine
Dopamine

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10
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

inferior to the hypothalamus suspended by the infundibulum and housed in the stella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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11
Q

What two structures make up the pituitary gland?

A

The anterior and posterior pituitary gland

Adenohypophysis and the Neurohypophysis

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12
Q

How is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Via the hypophyseal portal system

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13
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

A network of capillaries that begins in the Hypothalamus and travel into the anterior lobe via portal venules

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14
Q

how Is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland different?

A

It is actually an extension of the nervous system it communicates via neurons that originate in the hypothalamus

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15
Q

How many hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?

A

8

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16
Q

How many hypothalamus hormones regulate the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

6

4 releasing and two inhibiting

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17
Q

What are the four releasing hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary
TCGG

A

TRH-Thyroid Releasing Hormone
CRH- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
GnRH- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
GHRH- Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

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18
Q

What are the two inhibiting hormones that inhibit the anterior pituitary lobe?
PS

A

PIH - Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone

Somatostatin - Inhibits GH and TSH secretion

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19
Q

What two Hormones are released by the posterior pituitary lobe?
OA

A

OT- Oxytocin

ADH- Antidiuretic Hormone

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20
Q

What does “Tropic” mean?

A

It controls other glands

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21
Q

How many hormones does the posterior lobe of the pituitary lobe synthesize?

A

None but it stores two from the hypothalamus

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22
Q

How many hormones doe the anterior lobe of the pituitary lobe synthesize?
What are they?
FLTAPG

A 
6
FSH- follicle-stimulating hormone
LH- luteinizing Hormone
TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ACTH- Adrenocoritcotropic hormone
PRL- Prolactin
GH- growth hormone
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23
Q

The Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus produce what hormone?

A

Oxytocin

OT

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24
Q

The Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus produce what hormone?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

ADH

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25
Q

What two Hormones are released when GNRH is produced?

FL

A 
Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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26
Q

What hormone is FSH and what is its general function?

A

Follicle-Stimulating hormone

Stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and stimulates sperm production in males

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27
Q

What hormone is LH and what is its general function?

A

Luteinizing Hormone
Stimulates ovulation, stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone, and stimulates the testies to produce testosterone

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28
Q

What hormone is released in the presence of TRH?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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29
Q

What hormone is TSH and what is its general function?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

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30
Q

What hormone is released in the presence of CRH?

A

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

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31
Q

What hormone is ACTH and what is its general function?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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32
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of Prolactin?

A

TRH

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33
Q

What hormone is PRL and what is its general function?

A

Prolactin

Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk

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34
Q

What hormone is released in the presence of GHRH?

A

GH

Growth Hormone

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35
Q

What Hormone is GH and what is its general function?

A

Growth hormone

Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation

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36
Q

What hormone is ADH and what is its general function?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone
Increases water retention, reduces urine volume to prevent dehydration

also know as vasopressin because it is a vasoconstricter

increases BP

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37
Q

What are the functions of OT

A

Oxytocin
promotes sexual satisfaction
stimulates labor contractions via positive feedback
stimulates the flow of milk
promotes bonding between child and mother

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38
Q

Are the rates of hormone release constant?

A

no

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39
Q

What are the four main targets of GH?

A

Cartilage, bone, muscle, fat

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40
Q

When GH reaches the liver what does it induce?

A

it causes the liver to produce growth stimulants
IGF-1
IGF-2(somatomedins)

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41
Q

What do IFG-1 and IGF-2 do?

A 
Stimulate target cells 
 prolong the action of GH
increase protein synthesis
increase lipid metabolism (protein sparing effect)
Stimulates glucose release from liver
Reduce dependence of other cells on glucose
(glucose sparing effect)
Balance electrolytes
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42
Q

Hormone Half life is defined as-

A

The amount of time it takes for 50% of the hormone to be cleared from the blood

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43
Q

What is the half life of GH?

A

6-20 minutes

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44
Q

What is the half life of IGF-1?

A

20 hours

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45
Q

How does GH affect bone growth?

A

it cause thicker bones and induces remodeling

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46
Q

What causes the release of ghrein and how does it effect GH?

A

and empty stomach

activates GH

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47
Q

Where is the pineal glad located?

A

the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

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48
Q

When does the pineal gland begin to shrink?

A

around age 7

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49
Q

What is the assumed function of the pineal gland?

A

Synchronization of circadian rhythms
Synthesizes melatonin from serotonin
influences the time of puberty

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50
Q

What three body systems does the thymus play a role in?

A

Endocrine
Lymphatic
Immune

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51
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Superior to the heart

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52
Q

What important cell matures in the thymus?

A

T cells

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53
Q

What is function of the thymus?

A

secretes hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and the activity of T lympocytes

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54
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Inferior to the larynx

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55
Q

Most of the thyroid is made up of thyroid ____ which are?

A

Thyroid follicles

sacs lined with simle cuboidal epi cells that contain colloid

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56
Q

What hormones does the thyroid glad produce and secrete? their funtion?

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Triidothyronine (T3)
Responsible for metabolism in virtually all cells

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57
Q

Between the follicles of the thyroid are ____ cells also called C cells. What is their function?

A

Parafollicular cells

the secrete calcitonin

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58
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

stimulates osteoblast activity and bone formation

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59
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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60
Q

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands and what is its function?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

  • Increases blood Ca++ levels
  • Promotes synthesis of calcitriolactive Vit D
  • increases absorption of Ca++
  • Decreases urinary excretion
  • increases bone reabsorbtion
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61
Q

The adrenal medulla consists of _ to _ % of the adrenal gland

A

12-20%

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62
Q

The adrenal medulla is primarily a part of the ___ system?

A

sympathetic nervous system

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63
Q

The adrenal medulla consists of postganglionic neurons called____cells

A

chromaffin cells

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64
Q

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated it releases ____ directly into the blood stream

A

Catecholamines

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65
Q

What are the two Catecholamines released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and nor-epinephrine

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66
Q

What are the three main effects that catecholamines have on the body?
ABD

A
  • Alerts the body and prepares it for physical activity
  • Increases Vitals, Airflow, and metabolic rate
  • Decreases Digestion and Urine
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67
Q

How do catecholamines prepare the body for activity?

A
  • Mobilizes high energy fuels, lactate, fatty acids, glucose
  • boosts glucose levels but initiating Glycogenolysis and Glucogenesis in the liver
  • Epi inhibits insulin to spare glucose for the brain

*basically, it causes your body to produce more glucose and spare it for use by the brain while making high energy fuels available for the rest of the body

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68
Q

the Adrenal cortex is the ___ portion of the adrenal gland and is part of the ___ system

A

Outer

Endocrine

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69
Q

The main function of the adrenal cortex is to secrete ____ hormones

A

Corticosteriods

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70
Q

How may layers does the adrenal cortex have? What are they? super to deep
GFR

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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71
Q

Describe the zona glomerulosa and list its function

A

Thin outer layer of the cortex
cells arranged in round clusters
secretes mineralocorticoids that regulate the body’s electrolyte balance

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72
Q

Describe the zona fasciculata and list its function

A

Thick middle layer
Cells arranged in fascicles separated by capillaries
Secretes glucocorticoids cortisol as well as a small amount of androgens

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73
Q

Describe the zona reticularis and list its function

A

Narrow inner layer
cells in branching network reticulated
secretes glucocorticoids and sex steroids androgens

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74
Q

Glucocorticoids are secreted by the ____ and ___ of the adrenal ___

A

Zona Fasciculata and reticulata

cortex

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75
Q

Glucocorticoids function to____

A

regulate metabolism of glucose and other fuels

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76
Q

Glucocorticoids are released in responce to the hormone _____ which is released by ___ from the ___ gland

A

ACTH
CRH
anterior pituitary

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77
Q

The Glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone stimulate what 3 things?
FGF

A

Fat/protein catabolism
gluconeogenesis
release of fatty acids and glucose

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78
Q

What effect do Glucocorticoids have on the body that can suppress the immune system with long term exposure?

A

the anti-inflammatory effects can suppress the immune system

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79
Q

What are the two main sex steroids released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Androgens and Estradiol

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80
Q

What is the general function of Androgens?

A

they set libido

play a large role in prenatal male development

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81
Q

are the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland functionally independent?

A

no

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82
Q

What happens to the medulla of the adrenal gland in the absence of cortisol?

A

it atrophies

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83
Q

How do the cortex and the medulla work together?

A

some of the chromaffin cells of the medulla extend into the cortex and stimulate it to release corticosteroids when stress activates the sympathetic nervous system

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84
Q

What are the three main endocrine cells located within the pancreatic islets?

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta

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85
Q

What hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets?

A

Glucagon

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86
Q

What is the function of glucagon? when is it released

A
  • It is released between meals when blood glucose is falling and when amino acid levels are rising in the blood
  • in the liver it stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the release of glucose into the blood stream
  • in adipose tissue it stimulates fat catabolism to release fatty acids
  • in the blood when amino acid levels rise to promote absorption
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87
Q

What hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets?

88
Q

What is the function of insulin? when is it released?

A
  • It is released during and after meals when glucose and amino acid levels are rising
  • It stimulates cells to absorb, store, and metabolize glucose
  • promotes synthesis of fat, protein, and glycogen
89
Q

What parts of the body do not need insulin to absorb glycogen?

A

Brain, liver, Kidneys, and RBC’s

90
Q

The insufficiency of insulin is called?

A

type one diabetes mellitus

91
Q

The inaction of insulin is called

A

type two diabetes mellitus

92
Q

What hormone is secreted by the delta cells of the pancreatic islets?

A

Somatostatin

93
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A
  • it partially suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

- it inhibits nutrient digestion and absorption effectively prolonging the absorption of nutrients

94
Q

What are the 5 main hyperglycemic hormones?

GGENC

A 
Glucagon
Growth hormone
Epi
Nor-epi
Cortisol
95
Q

What are the endocrine products of the gonads?

A

gonadal hormones

96
Q

What are the exocrine products of the gonads?

A

eggs and sperm

97
Q

What are the three main Ovarian hormones?

A

Estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin

98
Q

What are the four main testicular hormones?

A

Testosterone, weaker androgen’s, estrogen, and inhibin

99
Q

What cells within the ovary will synesize androstenedione (estradiol and progestrone precursor)

A

The Theca cells

100
Q

What cells convert androstenedione into estradiol and progestrone?

A

granulosa cells

101
Q

What becomes of the ovarian follicle after ovulation?

A

It becomes the corus luteum

102
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

it produces progestrone for 12 days to help support possible pregnancy

103
Q

The follicle and the Corpus luteum also produce what hormone to assist in the entire process?

104
Q

What are the three main functions of progestrone and estradiol?

A
  • Development of female reproductive system
  • regulation of menstrual cycle, and to sustain pregnancy
  • prepare mammary glands for lactation
105
Q

what hormone does inhibit inhibit?

106
Q

Which portion of the testes produce sperm?

A

the semiferous tubules

107
Q

Where are the nurse cells of the testes located?

A

the tubule walls

108
Q

What cells lie in clusters between the tubules of the testes?

A

interstital cells ( leydig cells)

109
Q

Where is testosterone produced in the testes?

A

from the interstital cells

110
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

stimulates the development of male reproductive system

sustains sperm production

111
Q

Where is inhibin produced in males?

A

nurse cells of the testes

112
Q

What is the endocrine function of the skin?

A

UV light causes keratinocytes to produce cholecalciferol which is a cholesterol-like steroid precursor to Vit D

113
Q

What happens to cholecalciferol after it is produced in the skin?

A

it is converted to calcidiol by the liver

114
Q

what happens to calcidiol after it is converted from cholcaliferol in the liver?

A

it is converted to calcitriol by the kidneys

115
Q

What are the functions of mineralocorticoids from the adrenal cortex?

A

Regulates electrolyte balance

Aldosterone stimulates Na+ retention and K+ excretion which causes water retention to maintain BP and blood volume

116
Q

The ___ secretes 15% of erythropoietin

117
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

stimulates bone marrow growth and hemopoiesis

118
Q

What is the sorce of IGF-I

119
Q

What is the function of hepcidin?

A

promotes intestinal absorption of iron

120
Q

The kidneys are responsible for the production of what three hormones?

A

Calcitriol
Renin
85% of erythropoietin

121
Q

What is the function of Renin?

A

It converts angiotensinogen to angeotensin I

122
Q

What happens to Angeotensin I

A

it is converted into angeotensin II by the ACE enzyme in the lungs

123
Q

What is the function of Angeotensis II?

A

it is a vasoconstrictor that raises BP

124
Q

What endocrine functions does the heart have?

A

it produces two natriuretic peptides in response to high BP

125
Q

What is the function of the natriuretic peptides produced by the heart in response to high BP?

A

They decrease BP and blood volume by increasing Na+ and H2O output by the kidneys
opposing action to angiotensin II

126
Q

How many hormones are produced by the digestive system?

127
Q

What is the main function of digestive hormones?

A

To coordinate digestive motillity and glandular secretion

128
Q

What hormone is secreted by adipose tissue? its function?

A

Leptin

slows appetite

129
Q

What hormone is produced and secreted by osseous tissue? its function?

A

Osteocalcin secreted by osteoblasts

  • increases the number of pancriatic beta cells, output of insulin, and insulin sensitivity
  • inhibits weightgain
130
Q

What hormones are produced by the placenta? their general function?

A

Estrogen, progestrone, and others

Regulate pregnancy, stimulate development of fetus and mammary glands

131
Q

What are the three chemical classes of hormones?

A

Steroids
monoamines
peptides/glycoproteins

132
Q

What are steroids?

Examples?

A

hormones derived from cholesterol
they can pass through plasma membranes because they are lipid based
*testostrone estrodiol, cortisol

133
Q

What are monoamines?

examples?

A

Hormones made from amino acids

Dopamine, epi, nor-epi,melatonin, thyroid hormone*

134
Q

What are peptides/glycoproteins?

examples?

A

created from chains of amino acids
hormones from the pituitary and hypothalamus
insulin

135
Q

How are steroids synthesized?

A

from cholesterol

136
Q

How are peptides synthesized?

A

the same way any protein is

137
Q

How and where is a peptide hormone modified after it is translated?

A

in the ER and the Golgi

138
Q

How are monoamines synthesized?

A

-Melatonin is made from the amino acid tryptophan

others come from the amino acid tyrosine

139
Q

Why is thyroid hormone lipid soluble?

A

because it is composed of two tyrosines

140
Q

In the thyroid, once follicular cells absorb iodide ions from the blood what do they do?

A

oxidize them to a more reactive form

141
Q

In the thyroid, what protein do the follicular cells produce and where do they store it?

A

thyroglobulin (Tg) to be stored in the follicle lumen

142
Q

In the thyroid, how are the forerunners of T3 and T4 made?

A

Iodine atoms are added to tyrosines withinn Tg and link together

143
Q

In the thyroid, how are T3 and T4 produced?

A

whe TSH reaches the follicle cell, it absorbes Tg (with attached iodine atoms) and splits them with lysosomal enzymes releasing T3 and T4 from the basal side of the follicle cell

144
Q

What are the 3 types of stimuli that influence the release of hormones?

A

Neural
Hormonal
Humoral

145
Q

What is Humoral stimuli?

A

blood borne stimuli

rise and fall of different subsences in the blood trigger hormone release

146
Q

Why cant steroid hormones be produced and stored?

A

because they are lipid soluble and can diffuse through plasma membranes

147
Q

Most monoamines and peptides mix with blood plasma easily because they are _____

A

hydrophilic

148
Q

How are steroids and thyroid hormone transported in the body?

A

Via transport proteins

149
Q

Why do bound hormones have a longer half life?

A

because they are protected from liver enzymes and kidney filtration

150
Q

Where are transport proteins synthesized?

151
Q

What are some transport proteins?

A

albuin, thyretin, thyroxine-binding globulin (TGB)

152
Q

What is the transport protein for cortisol?

A

transcortin

153
Q

What are hormone receptors composed of?

A

Proteins or glycoproteins

154
Q

Which hormones have receptors inside the cells?

155
Q

How does Thyroid hormone enter cells?

A

ATP-dependent transport proteins

156
Q

What happens to T4 after entering the cell?

A

it is converted into T3

157
Q

What is the function of T3?

A

it binds to nuclear receptors and activates genes for the sodium potassium pump

158
Q

How do peptides and catecholamines activate cells?

A

via second messenger systems

159
Q

Explain hormone signal amplification

A

One hormone molecule can activate many enzyme molecules and produce a large effect

160
Q

How is target-cell hormone sensitivity adjusted?

A

by changing the number of receptors

161
Q

If the number of hormone receptors is up-regulated than___

A

hormone sensitivity is increased

162
Q

What is a cause of Down-regulation of hormone receptors?

A

Long term exposure to high hormone concentrations

163
Q

What is a hormonal synergistic effect?

Example?

A

When multiple hormones act together for a greater effect.

FSH + Testosterone create large sperm production

164
Q

What is a permissive hormonal effect?

example?

A

when one hormone increases a target hormones response to a later hormone
Estrogen prepares the uterus for the action of progesterone

165
Q

What is a hormonal antagonistic effect?

example?

A

One hormone opposes the action of another

insulin lowers blood glucose and glycogen raises it

166
Q

How are hormones cleared from the body?

A

By the liver and kidneys

167
Q

What is the MCR of hormones?

A

the metabolic clearance rate

rate of removal from the blood

168
Q

What is stress?

A

a situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens ones physical or emotional well-being

169
Q

What is GAS in terms of stress

A

GAS stands for General adaptation syndrome

it is the consistant way that the body reacts to stress that occurs in three stages

170
Q

What are the three stages of General adaptation syndrome?

A

Alarm reaction (30 seconds)
Stage of resistance (30 minutes)
Stage of exhaustion(30 days)

171
Q

What is the Alarm reaction?

A

your body’s initial response to stress as it prepares for fight or flight

172
Q

What hormones mediate the alarm reaction and where do they come from?

A

norepinephrine from the sympathetic NS

Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

173
Q

What occurs in the body during the alarm reaction

A

Stored glycogen is consumed
BP is raised by angiotensin
Aldosterone causes water and Na+ retention also raising BP

Basiclly BP and BG are increased

174
Q

What stage comes after the alarm reaction?

A

the stage of resistance

175
Q

What occurs in the body during the stage of resistance? (General)

A
  • Glycogen stores are depleted so the body provides pathways to create more
  • Cortisol is the main player here as it spares glucose for the brain and promotes the catabolism of fat and protein to create more glucose
176
Q

The stage of exhaustion is reached when stress contines for _____ and ___ reserves are gone

A

several months

fat reserves

177
Q

What occurs during the stage of exhaustion?

A

Death and decline

  • Fat stores are depleted
  • muscles have been broken down for glucose
  • Adrenal cortex stops functioning which causes a loss of glucose homeostasis
  • Large amounts of K+ lost leads to hypokalemia from aldosterone productions
178
Q

What are paracrines?

A

Chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells

179
Q

What are the three types of paracrines?

A

Histamine
Nitric oxide
Catecholamines

180
Q

what are the main histamine producing bodies?

A

Mast cells in connective tissue

181
Q

Where does nitric oxide come from?

A

the endothelium of blood vessels

182
Q

What is the action of histamines?

A

relaxation of blood vessels

183
Q

What is the action of nitric oxide?

A

vasodilation

184
Q

Where do catecholamines come from?

A

They diffuse from the adrenal medulla to its cortex

185
Q

What is an autocrine?

A

a chemical messenger that stimulates the same call that secretes it.

186
Q

What acid are Eicosanoids paracrine family derived from?

A

A fatty acid called arachidonic acid

187
Q

Where does arachidonic acid come from?

A

it is made from the phosolipid by-layer of cells plasma membranes.

188
Q

What paracrine is produced when lipoxygenase converts arachidonic acid?

A

Leukotrienes

189
Q

What is the function of Leukotrienes?

A

The mediate allergic and inflammatory reactions

190
Q

What 3 eicosanoid paracrines are produced when Cyclooxygenase (COX) converts arachidonic acid?
PTP

A

Prostacyclin
Thromboxanes
Prostaglandins

191
Q

What is the action of Prostacyclin?

A

Inhibits blood clotting and vasoconstriction

192
Q

What is the action of Thromboxanes?

A
  • Produce platelets after injury
  • overrides prostacyclin***
  • stimulates vasoconstriction and clotting
193
Q

What are the two Prostaglandins? and their actions?

A

PGE- Relaxes smooth muscle in bladder, intestines, bronchioles, uterus, stimulates contraction of blood vessels
PGF- Opposite effect of PGE

194
Q

How does cortisol act against inflammation?

A

It is a (SAID)
It and other corticosterones inhibit inflammation by blocking the release of arachidonic acid and inhibits the synthesis of eicosanoids

195
Q

What are the disadvantages of using SAIDs

A

They produce symptoms of cushings disease

196
Q

Howdo NSAID’s act against inflammation?

A
  • inhibits COX

- does not block leukotriene production

197
Q

Why are NASID’s good at treating thrombosis?

A

Because the block COX and as a result inhibit the production of Prostaglandin and Thromboxane blood clotting

198
Q

What is endocrine Hyposecretion? what are some causes?

A

inadequate hormone release

  • tumor or trauma destroy or injure hormone producing bodies
  • Autoimmune disorders
199
Q

What is endocrine Hypersecretion? what are some causes?

A

Excessive hormone release

Tumors or autoimmune disorders

200
Q

What is a toxic goiter (graves disease)?

A

Autoimmune disorder where antibodies mimic the effect of TSH on the thyroid causing hypersecretion of TH

201
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

thickening of bones and soft tissue in adults due to hypersecretion of GH

202
Q

What is Myxedema?

A

Adult hypothyroidism

203
Q

What is a goiter?

A

enlarged thyroid glad due to the body not producing TH caused by iodine deficiency

204
Q

What is a fatal symptom of Hypoparathyroidism?

A

Fatal tetany (Spasms in larynx) due to loss of calcium levels in the blood

205
Q

What are some symptoms of Hyperparathyoidism

A

Soft bones due to excess leeching
blood Ca2+ and phosphate levels increase
Excess blood Ca++ promotes renal calculi formation

206
Q

What is cushing syndrome?

A

Excess cortisol secretion

  • Causes hyperglycemia, weakness, edema
  • rapid bone and muscle loss due to cortisol promoting catabolism of bone and proteinglucose sparing effect
  • Abnormal fat depositionmoon face buffalo hump
207
Q

What is Adrenogenital syndome(AGS)?

A
  • accompanies cushings disease*
  • Adrenal androgen hypersecretion
  • Enlargement of external sex organs in children and causes early onset puberty
  • Has masculizing effects of women
208
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus? general

A

DIsruption of metabolism due to hyposecretion or inaction of insulin

209
Q

What are symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?

A

-Polyuria (excessive urination)
Polydipsia (intense thirst)
Polyphagia (Hunger)
All caused by the excess of glucose in the blood

210
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type one is due to the the bodies immune system attacking beta cells in the pancreatic islets causing the under production of insulin

Type 2 is dues to resistance to insulin that the body produces -caused by many factors including inactivity, poor diet, also could be genetic and it can be sured

211
Q

What occurs when cells are unable to absorb glucose?

A

then they must rely on fat and protein for energy resulting in weight loss and weakness

212
Q

What causes the production of ketones in the blood. how?

A

The catabolism of fat releases ketones and fatty acids from stored fats

213
Q

What are the negative effects of the production of excessive ketones?

A

Ketonuria_loss of Na+ and K+ leads to irregular heartbeat and neurological issues.
Ketoacidosis- ketones are acidic and will decrease the pH of the blood

214
Q

What is a main observable symptom of ketoacidosis?

A

Deep gasping breaths as the body tries to increase the pH of the blood

215
Q

What are the results of chronic hyperglycemia?

A

Neuropathy
arterial damage to kidneys and retinas
atherosclerosis

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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