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Ex Phys Exam 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

ductLESS and secrete directly into the blood

A

endocrine glands

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2
Q

CONTAIN DUCTS and carry substances directly to a specific target

A

exocrine glands

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3
Q

major endocrine organs

A

thyroid organs
adipose tissues
hypothalamus

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4
Q

two categories of hormones

A

steroid derived hormones

amine and polypeptide hormones

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5
Q

what are amine and polypeptide hormones synthesized from?

A

amino acids

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6
Q

Hormones alter cellular rxns by altering plasma membrane transport via what?

A

second messenger system

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7
Q

Hormones alter cellular reactions of specific target cells by what 4 things:

A

1] MODIFYING rate of intracellular protein synthesis
2] CHANGING rate of enzyme activity
3] ALTERING plasma membrane transport
4] INDUCING secretory activity

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8
Q

Hormones increase enzyme activity by:

A

stimulating production and combining with the enzyme to change its shape and action

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9
Q

Over the course of exercise, some enzymes increase in #, causing what?

A

increases ability to produce oxygen and VO2 max

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10
Q

Cyclic AMP: cyclic 3’5’-adenosine monophosphate

A

important 2nd messenger to amp up cellular response

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11
Q

How do you create a cellular response?

A

nonsteroid circulating hormone (1st messenger) binds to a receptor in plasma membrane…cyclic amp (2nd messenger) and this activates protein kinase –> target enzyme –> cellular response

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12
Q

4 factors that determine plasma concentration of a hormone:

A
  • amount synthesized in host gland
  • rate of either catabolism or secretion into blood
  • amount of transport protein present
  • changes in plasma volume
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13
Q

patterns of hormone release

A

as needed; in intervals during 24 hours or monthly cycles, etc

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14
Q

promotes cell division and cellular proliferation throughout the body

A

growth hormone (GH)

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15
Q

GH facilitates protein synthesis by:

A

increasing amino acid transport and stimulating RNA formation

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16
Q

slows carbohydrate breakdown and initiates mobilization and use of fat for energy

A

GH (growth hormone)

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17
Q

indirect actions of GH does what?

A

promote anabolism and goes to liver and other organs

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18
Q

direct actions of GH does what?

A

anti-insulin effect; reduces glucose uptake to maintain blood sugar level and goes to adipose tissue

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19
Q

What does ACTH regulate?

A

adrenal cortex output

  • helps maximize fuel source for exercise
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20
Q

enhances FFA mobilization from adipose tissue
increases gluconeogenesis
stimulates protein catabolism

A

how ACTH regulates

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21
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

initiates and supports milk secretion from mammary glands in females

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22
Q

PRL levels _________ with intense exercise and return toward baseline within 45 min in recovery

A

increase

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23
Q

Repeated exercise-induced PRL for women release may ? and contribute to menstrual cycle alterations with intense training for women who do competitions

A

inhibit ovarian function

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24
Q

Stores antidiuretic hormone ADH: aka vasopressin and oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary hormone

25
Q

ADH does what by the kidneys?

A

inhibits water excretion

26
Q

Thyroxine

A

T4

27
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

T3

28
Q

secretion raises metabolism except in brain, spleen, testes, uterus, and thyroid gland

A

T4

29
Q

release facilitates neural reflex activity

A

T3

30
Q

low T4 levels cause

A

sluggishness

31
Q

Exercise increases levels of T3 and T4 doing what

A

speeding up metabolism

32
Q

Regular physical activity ? reproductive hormone responses in women and men

A

depresses

33
Q

Women with history of intense physical activity

have ? FSH and LH levels which may contribute to menstrual dysfunction

A

altered

34
Q

two main structures of adrenal glands

A

medulla and cortex

35
Q

Enhances sympathetic effects by secreting epinephrine + norepinephrine

A

medulla

36
Q

secretes adrenocortical hormones

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

A

cortex

37
Q

stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis so this increases glucose availability and helps with fat breakdown

A

epinephrine

38
Q

provides powerful lipolytic stimulation in adipose tissue

A

norepinephrine

39
Q

norepinephrine goes where?

A

liver for glucose

40
Q

epinephrine goes where?

A

adipose tissue for fatty acids and muscle to block glucose entry

41
Q

Increased sympathetic activity during physical activity ? kidney blood flow and this is known as?

A

constricts; renin-angiotensin mechanism

42
Q

? blood flow stimulates kidney release of ?

A

reduced; renin

43
Q

Increased renin stimulates production of ?

A

angiotensin II and III

44
Q

causes kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium to conserve water

A

aldosterone

45
Q

What does angiotensin II and III do?

A

constricts arteries and secretes aldosterone

46
Q

angiotensins are powerful ?

A

vasoconstrictors!!!!!!!!

47
Q

a major glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

48
Q

Promotes breakdown of protein to amino acids

A

cortisol

49
Q

inhibits glucose uptake

A

cortisol

50
Q

promotes fat breakdown to glycerol and acids in fat tissue to optimize fuel mix

A

cortisol

51
Q

normally released in response to a stress like exercise

A

cortisol

52
Q

this is immunosuppresive

A

cortisol

53
Q

what do opioids do?

A

“exercise high”

54
Q

what does endorphin secretion do?

A

increases pain tolerance
improves appetite control
reduces depression, anger, anxiety, tension

55
Q

With ?, ingesting 1 L/hr of a carbohydrate-rich drink reduces negative changes in immune function

A

prolonged intense activity

56
Q

ADH helps you retain more what? Why is this important?

A

salt and fluids; since you have more water now, this increases SV and CO

57
Q

endurance raining improves ?

A

target tissue sensitivity

efficient response

58
Q

Risk of URTI with different levels of intensity?

A

sedentary= average risk of URTI
moderate intensity= below average
very high intensity= above average

Ex Phys Exam 2 (5 decks)

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