Endocrine System

Question 1

Pituitary gland/hypophysis

What is the posterior lobe of pituitary gland and peptide hormones released and their function?

Answer 1

Neurohypophysis/posterior lobe - neural tissue
1. ADH is to decrease amount of water lost at the kidneys.

2. oxytocin is best known in women, stimulating smooth muscle contractions in the uterus…as well as lactation of mammary glands

Question 2

Pituitary gland/hypophysis
What is the anterior lobe of pituitary gland and peptide hormones released and their function? What tissue is it made of?

Answer 2

Adenohypophysis - epithelial tissue

1. (FSH) follicle stimulating hormone- egg and sperm production
2. (TSH) thyroid stimulating hormone- targets release of thyroid hormone
3. (MSH) melanocyte stimulating hormone-increases rate of melanin production
4. (LH) luteinizing hormone-sex hormones
5. (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone-release of steroid hormones
6. Prolactin-development of mammary glands and production of milk
7. (GH) growth hormone- cell growth and division

Question 3

Pineal Gland, what does it secrete and its function? What kind of cells?

Answer 3

Melatonin

1. Inhibits production FSH and LH to slow maturation
2. Circadian rhythms … Natural awake-asleep cycle
3. Antioxidant that can protect CNS tissues

Pinealocytes

Question 4

Thyroid gland, hormone production

Answer 4

1. (T4) thyroxine -targets most cells and it increases energy utilization and metabolism
2. Calcitonin-targets bones and kidneys…it decreases calcium ions in blood

Question 5

Parathyroid gland; location and hormone function

Answer 5

Located on posterior surface of thyroid gland

1. (PTH) parathyroid hormone-increase calcium levels in blood when calcium concentration falls below normal

Question 6

Thymus information and hormone production

Answer 6

Thymus is initially large in newborns and young children then decreases in size after puberty

1. Thymosin - promotes development and maturation of lymphocytes to increase effectiveness of immune system

Question 7

Suprarenal / adrenal gland - location and its two divisions…hormones

Answer 7

Located on the superior border of each kidney..
These glands are retroperitoneal.

1. Cortex
   - produces corticosteroids which increase sodium and water reabsorbtion in kidneys…formation of glycogen and glucose in liver
2. Medulla
   - secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 8

Pancreas what are the small groups called? Hormones produced and their function

Answer 8

Pancreatic islets/islets of langerhans are small groups of cells scattered throughout the gland.

1. Insulin - lowers blood glucose and targets all cells except brain, kidneys and red blood cells
2. Glucagon- raises blood glucose levels and targets primarily liver and adipose.

Question 9

Testes

Answer 9

Production of testosterone which promote sperm maturation and secondary sex characteristics.

Question 10

Ovaries hormone production

Answer 10

1. Estrogen / estradiol support maturation of oocytes

2. Progesterone prepare uterus for pregnancy

Question 11

Two types of hormonal control

Answer 11

Negative feedback- prevention of releasing hormone from being released to prevent the system from becoming overactive to maintain homeostasis

Positive feedback - the rate of process increases as the concentration of product increases

Question 12

Hypothalamus-production

Answer 12

1. (ADH) antidiuretic hormone
2. Oxytocin
   ADH and Oxytocin released at neurohypophysis
3. Regulatory hormones
   - releasing hormones (RH) stimulate production of hormones in adenohypophysis
   - inhibiting hormones (IH) prevents secretion of specific adenohypophysis hormones

Question 13

Endocrine system function

Answer 13

Long term effects…particularly effective in regulating ongoing processes such as growth and development

Question 14

Indirect control of hypothalamus

Answer 14

-regular