Endocrine system

Question 0

A regulatory chemical that is secreted into extracellular fluid and carried by the blood. This chemical messenger can act at a distance from the source.

Answer 0

Hormones

Question 1

What are the 4 mechanisms of cell communication?

Answer 1

• Direct contact
• synaptic signaling
• endocrine signaling
• paracrine signaling

Question 2

The _____ system involves organs and tissues that produce hormones

Answer 2

Endocrine

Question 3

______ regulators do not travel in blood, they allow the cells of an organ to regulate each other.

Answer 3

Paracrine

Question 4

These are chemicals released into the environment to communicate among individuals of a single species.

Answer 4

Pheromones

Question 5

Some ______ are distributed by the blood and act as a hormone.
Ex: norepinephrine

Answer 5

Neurotransmitters

Question 6

Neurons can also secrete a class of hormones called ______ that are carried by blood. Ex: vasopressin

Answer 6

Neurohormones

Question 7

_____ secretes product into a duct.

Answer 7

Exocrine

Question 8

What are the two basic hormone characteristics?

Answer 8

• complex

- stable (strong)

Question 9

This 1st class of hormones includes glycoproteins…

Answer 9

1st : Peptides and proteins!

Question 10

This 2nd class of hormones involves catecholamines, thyroid hormones, and melatonin…

Answer 10

2nd : Amino acid derivatives!

Question 11

This 3rd class of hormones includes sex steroids, and corticosteroids…

Answer 11

3rd : Steroids!

Question 12

Hormones may be _____, which is non-polar and fat soluble. They bind to intracellular receptors (DNA), and tend to last over a long time period. They can pass through the cell membrane.

Answer 12

Lipophilic

Ex: steroid and thyroid hormones

Question 13

Hormones may be _____, which is polar and water-soluble. They bind to extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane, and have a much briefer time period. Too large & polar to cross cell membrane.

Answer 13

Hydrophilic

Ex: peptides and proteins, and catecholamine hormones.

Question 14

The ____ growth factor activates mitosis in skin.

Answer 14

Epidermal

Question 15

The ______ growth factor stimulates growth and survival of neurons.

Answer 15

Nerve

Question 16

The _______ growth factor stimulates cell division in developing bone.

Answer 16

Insulin-like

Question 17

______ specializes in the control of cell division and differentiation in the immune system.

Answer 17

Cytokinesis

Question 18

______ stimulates vasoconstriction.

Answer 18

Endothelin

Question 19

_____ promotes vasodilation.

Answer 19

Bradykinin

Question 20

Prostaglandins are a diverse group of fatty acids that are produced in almost every organ, what functions do they aide in?

Answer 20

• smooth muscle contraction
• lung function
• labor
• inflammation

Question 21

In hydrophilic hormones second messenger system there is a ______ protein (GPCRs). When these proteins activate the enzyme, the second-messenger molecules increase. Some activate while others inhibit the second messenger generating system. A single hormone can have distinct actions in 2 different cells.

Answer 21

G protein

Question 22

Known as the hypophysis, it consists of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.

Answer 22

The pituitary gland

Question 23

The ______ pituitary developed from a pouch of epithelial tissue of the embryos mouth. It secrets 7 hormones. It is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus.

Answer 23

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Question 24

The _____ pituitary appears fibrous and developes from an outgrowth of the brain. It stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin.

Answer 24

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Question 25

_____ act on other endocrine glands.

Answer 25

Tropic hormones (tropins)

Question 26

What are the 7 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 26

TSH, MSH, PRL, GH, ACTH, FSH/LH, and endorphins.

Question 27

The _____ gland is shaped like a bow-tie and secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin. These hormones regulate enzymes controlling carb and lipid metabolism.

Answer 27

Thyroid gland

Question 28

______, a peptide hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, stimulates the uptake of Ca+2 into bones --- lowering blood Ca+2 levels.

Answer 28

Calcitonin

Question 29

Four small glands attached to the thyroid that produce PTH, raise blood Ca by pulling it out of bone and stimulating kidneys to reabsorb it from the urine. Vitamin D stimulates the intestinal absorption of Ca also.

Answer 29

Parathyroid gland

Question 30

The _____ is the inner portion of the adrenal glands. Stimulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 30

Medulla

Question 31

The _______ secretes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. (Adrenaline & noradrenalin)

Answer 31

Medulla

Question 32

The ______ is the outer portion of the adrenal glands that are stimulated by anterior pituitary hormone ACTH. - Glucocorticoids: maintain glucose homeostasis. - Alderostone: helps regulate mineral balance.

Answer 32

Cortex

Question 33

The ______ has exocrine and endocrine glands. It's connected to the duodenum of the small intestine by the pancreatic duct.

Answer 33

Pancreas

Question 34

The ____ __ _____are scattered clusters of ducts throughout the pancreas. These govern blood glucose levels through two hormones with antagonistic functions (insulin & glucagon)

Answer 34

Islets of langerhans

Question 35

_____ is secreted by beta cells of the islets. Stimulates cellular uptake of blood glucose and its storage of glycogen in the liver, muscle cells, & fat cells.

Answer 35

Insulin

Question 36

____ is secreted by alpha cells in the islets. Promotes the hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver, and fat in adipose tissue.

Answer 36

Glucagon

Question 37

Type ___ of diabetes mellitus lack insulin secreting beta cells.

Answer 37

One

Question 38

Type ___ of diabetes mellitus just have a very low number of insulin receptors, can be treated with diet and exercise.

Answer 38

Two

Question 39

The _____ gland is located in the roof of the third ventrical of the brain, & secretes melatonin. It synchronizes various body processes to a circadian rhythm. Secretion of melatonin is activated in the dark.

Answer 39

Pineal

Question 40

____ is secreted by the right atrium of the heart. It promotes salt and water excretion.

Answer 40

Atrial natriuretic hormone❤️

Question 41

______ is secreted by the kidney. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

Answer 41

Erythropoietin

Question 42

Insect _____ is shedding of old exoskeleton.

Answer 42

Molting

Question 43

Insect _____ is the radical transformation of larval to the adult form.

Answer 43

Metamorphosis