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Bio ll Exam 5 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

A regulatory chemical that is secreted into extracellular fluid and carried by the blood. This chemical messenger can act at a distance from the source.

A

Hormones

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1
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of cell communication?

A
  • Direct contact
  • synaptic signaling
  • endocrine signaling
  • paracrine signaling
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2
Q

The _____ system involves organs and tissues that produce hormones

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

______ regulators do not travel in blood, they allow the cells of an organ to regulate each other.

A

Paracrine

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4
Q

These are chemicals released into the environment to communicate among individuals of a single species.

A

Pheromones

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5
Q

Some ______ are distributed by the blood and act as a hormone.
Ex: norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Neurons can also secrete a class of hormones called ______ that are carried by blood. Ex: vasopressin

A

Neurohormones

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7
Q

_____ secretes product into a duct.

A

Exocrine

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8
Q

What are the two basic hormone characteristics?

A
  • complex

- stable (strong)

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9
Q

This 1st class of hormones includes glycoproteins…

A

1st : Peptides and proteins!

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10
Q

This 2nd class of hormones involves catecholamines, thyroid hormones, and melatonin…

A

2nd : Amino acid derivatives!

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11
Q

This 3rd class of hormones includes sex steroids, and corticosteroids…

A

3rd : Steroids!

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12
Q

Hormones may be _____, which is non-polar and fat soluble. They bind to intracellular receptors (DNA), and tend to last over a long time period. They can pass through the cell membrane.

A

Lipophilic

Ex: steroid and thyroid hormones

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13
Q

Hormones may be _____, which is polar and water-soluble. They bind to extracellular receptors on the plasma membrane, and have a much briefer time period. Too large & polar to cross cell membrane.

A

Hydrophilic

Ex: peptides and proteins, and catecholamine hormones.

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14
Q

The ____ growth factor activates mitosis in skin.

A

Epidermal

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15
Q

The ______ growth factor stimulates growth and survival of neurons.

A

Nerve

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16
Q

The _______ growth factor stimulates cell division in developing bone.

A

Insulin-like

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17
Q

______ specializes in the control of cell division and differentiation in the immune system.

A

Cytokinesis

18
Q

______ stimulates vasoconstriction.

A

Endothelin

19
Q

_____ promotes vasodilation.

A

Bradykinin

20
Q

Prostaglandins are a diverse group of fatty acids that are produced in almost every organ, what functions do they aide in?

A
  • smooth muscle contraction
  • lung function
  • labor
  • inflammation
21
Q

In hydrophilic hormones second messenger system there is a ______ protein (GPCRs). When these proteins activate the enzyme, the second-messenger molecules increase. Some activate while others inhibit the second messenger generating system. A single hormone can have distinct actions in 2 different cells.

A

G protein

22
Q

Known as the hypophysis, it consists of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.

A

The pituitary gland

23
Q

The ______ pituitary developed from a pouch of epithelial tissue of the embryos mouth. It secrets 7 hormones. It is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus.

A

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

24
Q

The _____ pituitary appears fibrous and developes from an outgrowth of the brain. It stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin.

A

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

25
Q

_____ act on other endocrine glands.

A

Tropic hormones (tropins)

26
Q

What are the 7 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH, MSH, PRL, GH, ACTH, FSH/LH, and endorphins.

27
Q

The _____ gland is shaped like a bow-tie and secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin. These hormones regulate enzymes controlling carb and lipid metabolism.

A

Thyroid gland

28
Q

______, a peptide hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, stimulates the uptake of Ca+2 into bones — lowering blood Ca+2 levels.

A

Calcitonin

29
Q

Four small glands attached to the thyroid that produce PTH, raise blood Ca by pulling it out of bone and stimulating kidneys to reabsorb it from the urine. Vitamin D stimulates the intestinal absorption of Ca also.

A

Parathyroid gland

30
Q

The _____ is the inner portion of the adrenal glands. Stimulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Medulla

31
Q

The _______ secretes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. (Adrenaline & noradrenalin)

A

Medulla

32
Q

The ______ is the outer portion of the adrenal glands that are stimulated by anterior pituitary hormone ACTH.

  • Glucocorticoids: maintain glucose homeostasis.
  • Alderostone: helps regulate mineral balance.
A

Cortex

33
Q

The ______ has exocrine and endocrine glands. It’s connected to the duodenum of the small intestine by the pancreatic duct.

A

Pancreas

34
Q

The ____ __ _____are scattered clusters of ducts throughout the pancreas. These govern blood glucose levels through two hormones with antagonistic functions (insulin & glucagon)

A

Islets of langerhans

35
Q

_____ is secreted by beta cells of the islets. Stimulates cellular uptake of blood glucose and its storage of glycogen in the liver, muscle cells, & fat cells.

A

Insulin

36
Q

____ is secreted by alpha cells in the islets. Promotes the hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver, and fat in adipose tissue.

A

Glucagon

37
Q

Type ___ of diabetes mellitus lack insulin secreting beta cells.

A

One

38
Q

Type ___ of diabetes mellitus just have a very low number of insulin receptors, can be treated with diet and exercise.

A

Two

39
Q

The _____ gland is located in the roof of the third ventrical of the brain, & secretes melatonin. It synchronizes various body processes to a circadian rhythm. Secretion of melatonin is activated in the dark.

A

Pineal

40
Q

____ is secreted by the right atrium of the heart. It promotes salt and water excretion.

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone❤️

41
Q

______ is secreted by the kidney. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

A

Erythropoietin

42
Q

Insect _____ is shedding of old exoskeleton.

A

Molting

43
Q

Insect _____ is the radical transformation of larval to the adult form.

A

Metamorphosis

Bio ll Exam 5 (4 decks)

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