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Pharmacology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Aka hypophysis

A

Pituitary Gland

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2
Q

Location of pituitary gland

A

Base of brain next to hypothalamus

Anterior and posterior

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3
Q

Hormones that are secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

GH, TSH, & ACTH

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4
Q

Deficit of GH

A

Dwarfism

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5
Q

Excess of GH

A

Gigantism (before maturation) or acromegaly (after maturation)

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6
Q

What disease can a child develop by taking GH

A

Diabetes

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7
Q

What route are GH drugs given?

A

Not PO

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8
Q

Excess of TSH

A

Hyperthyroidism

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9
Q

Deficit of TSH

A

Hypothyroidism

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10
Q

What organs are affected by excess/deficit of TSH?

A

All organs and tissues; changes are at a cellular level.

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11
Q

What hormone causes the release of corticoids by the adrenal gland?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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12
Q

Excess or deficit of ACTH causes what?

A

Steroid excess or deficiency

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13
Q

What drug is used to determine whether a excess or deficit of corticoids release is a pituitary or an adrenal problem?

A

Corticotropin : Cortrosyn

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14
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by what?

A

Hypothalamus through releasing factors

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15
Q

Adjacent to the hypothalamus

A

Post. Pituitary

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16
Q

What acts as a storage reservoir for hormones from the hypothalamus?

A

Post. Pituitary

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17
Q

Hormones that are stored in the post. Pituitary?

A

ADH & Oxytocin

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18
Q

Deficit in ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus

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19
Q

Oxytocin does what?

A

Stimulates the uterine contraction

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20
Q

Drug therapy for post pituitary

A

Desmopressin, Lypressin, Vasopressin

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21
Q

What should you monitor for pts with post pituitary drug therapy?

A

Edema, weight gain, UOP, electrolytes and glucose.

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22
Q

What hormones are produced by the Thyroid Gland?

A

T3 and T4

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23
Q

What is required to produce thyroid hormone?

A

Iodine

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24
Q

Calcitonin is produced by the ___, and maintains ___ in the ___.

A

Thyroid, calcium, blood.

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25
Q

What hormone regulates the release of TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

TRH, thyrotropin releasing hormone

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26
Q

Which thyroid hormone is produced more?

A

T4

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27
Q

Which thyroid hormone has a very short half-life?

A

T4

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28
Q

T/F: T3 is 4x more active than T4

A

True

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29
Q
  • Control the rate of cellular metabolism
  • Influence the function of every cell in the body
  • Control body temp, CO, blood volume, enzyme system activity, and growth and development.
A

Thyroid hormones

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30
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism?

A

Absence of thyroid gland, lack of iodine, tumor or autoimmune disease of thyroid, lack of TSH or TRH.

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31
Q

Hypothyroidism in children

A

Cretinism

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32
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults

A

Myxedema

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33
Q

Goiters are caused by?

A

Gland enlargement due to iodine deficiency.

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34
Q

T4 thyroid drugs

A

Levothyroxine (Synthroid)

Drug of choice for long-term tx.

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35
Q

T3 thyroid drugs

A

Cytomel: short duration, should not be given to cardiac pts.

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36
Q

T3 & T4 thyroid drugs

A

Euthroid, Thyrolar, Armour Thyroid

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37
Q

Do not give thyroid replacement drugs to pts with the following…

A

Narcotic Analgesia, Acute MI or cardiac problems, Lactation, on anticoagulants, digitalis, or theophylline.

38
Q

When should Synthroid be taken?

A

First thing of the morning, on an empty stomach.

39
Q

S/S of excess Synthroid include.

A

Tremors, tachycardia, nervousness, chest pain, excessive sweating

40
Q

How long til Synthroid effects are felt?

A

1-3 wks

41
Q

Pt teaching for thyroid replacement

A

Avoid OTC, take at the same time each day, med-alert bracelet.

42
Q

Forms of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’s disease, thyrotoxicosis

43
Q

Antithyroid drugs that block production

A

Propylthiouracil (PTU) & Tapazole

44
Q

Antithyroid drugs that destroy cells

A

Radioactive iodine (I 131)

45
Q

I 131 is contraindicated with what?

A

Pregnancy

46
Q

Antithyroid drugs that block function

A

High dose iodine solutions

47
Q

Antithyroid drugs can cause what?

A

Agranulocytosis and goiter

48
Q

Pt on antithyroid drugs will need to be on ___ for the rest of their life.

A

Thyroid replacement therapy

49
Q

Parathyroid produces

A

PTH and calcium

50
Q

Parathyroid dysfunction can cause what disease?

A

Paget’s Disease

51
Q

PTH deficiency can cause…

A

Hypocalcemia, muscular irritability (spasms, dysrhythmias, convulsions, tetany)

52
Q

To increase serum calcium

A

Increase calcium intake and absorption, decrease calcium excretion. (effect of corticosteroids)

53
Q

Increase bone calcium

A

Vitamin D and Ca supplements, biphosphonates (prevent Ca release from bone)

54
Q

Decrease serum Ca

A

Biphosphonates, calcitonin (blocks PTH effects), increase excretion (lasix), IV saline, corticosteroids.

55
Q

Two glands above the kidneys

A

Adrenal glands

56
Q

Cortex of adrenal glands produces

A

Corticosteroids

57
Q

Medulla of adrenal glands produce

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

58
Q

Corticosteroids promote ___ retention and ___ excretion.

A

Na, K

59
Q

Excess of corticosteroids

A

Cushing’s syndrome

60
Q

Deficiency of corticosteroids

A

Addison’s disease

61
Q

What affects metabolism, sodium absorption, anti-inflammatory reactions, and anti-stress reactions?

A

Glucocorticoids

62
Q

Often called cortisone drugs?

A

Glucocorticoids

63
Q

Glucocorticoid short term tx for…

A

Inflammatory and allergic reactions

64
Q

Glucocorticoid long-term tx for…

A

Organ transplant

65
Q

Large doses of hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid) can mask the s/s of ___.

A

Infection

66
Q

Serious side effects of glucocorticoids are?

A

Weight gain of fat around the face and trunk, peptic ulcers, decreased wound healing, capillary fragility, and mask signs of infection.

67
Q

Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) enhances Na ___ and K ____.

A

Retention, excretion

68
Q

Relative or absolute lack of insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus

69
Q

What are some serious s/s of diabetes mellitus?

A

Hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, hemoconcentration, hypervolemia, hyperviscosity, hypoperfusion, hypoxia, acidosis

70
Q

Chronic complications of diabetes

A

CV disease, cerebrovascular disease, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, erectile dysfunction

71
Q

Types of diabetes

A

Type 1 and 2, gestational, genetic defect of beta cells, disease of pancreas, chemically induced, infections.

72
Q

Type 1 DM

A

Insulin-dependent DM

Beta cells of pancreas do not produce insulin.

73
Q

Type 2 DM

A

Non-insulin-dependent DM

Not enough insulin produced, peripheral tissues become resistant to insulin

74
Q

Which type of insulin is the only one that can be administered IV

A

Short-acting Regular

75
Q

What factors affect absorption. Of insulin?

A

SQ site and depth

76
Q

Too much insulin, too little food, or too much exercise can cause what?

A

Hypoglycemia

77
Q

What is given to hypoglycemic pts who cannot take PO CHO, and why?

A

Glucagon, it stimulates the liver to break break glycogen into glucose.

78
Q

Sulfonylureas are split up into how many generations?

A

First short-, intermediate-, and long-acting, and Second generations

79
Q

Which generation of sulfonylureas are cheaper and have less side effects?

A

Second generation

80
Q

What are the nonsulfonylureas?

A

Biguanides, Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors, TZDs/”Glitazones”, Meglitinides, Incretin Modifiers, Amylun Analog

81
Q

Which nonsulfonylurea ⬇ liver glucose production, ⬆ muscle uptake, and ⬇ blood glucose. Hypoglycemia very rare

A

Biguanide (Metformin)

82
Q

Nonsulfonylurea that blocks an enzyme in the small intestine causing a slower absorption of CHO, resulting in a less rise in blood glucose and insulin after eating?

A

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors (Precose, Glyset)

83
Q

Most expensive nonsulfonylurea. Under FDA review, takes 4-6 wks for effects.

A

TZDs “Glitazones” (Avandia, Actos)

84
Q

Nonsulfonylurea that acts like sulfonylureas. Short-acting, cannot be used if pt has liver problems. Causes hypoglycemia and weight gain. (usually taken with Metformin)

A

Meglitinides (Prandin, Starlix)

85
Q

Injectable-not an insulin. Signals pancreas to produce right amount of insulin after meals. Helps stop liver from producing too much sugar when not needed. Slows down rate at which sugar enters the bloodstream. Causes weight loss.

A

Incretin Modifiers, (Byetta, Victoza)

86
Q

Nonsulfonylurea that decreases glucagon secretion and gastric emptying, decreases appetite.

A

Amylin Analog

87
Q

Amylin Analog is given SQ but cannot be given in the ___. Why?

A

Arm, requires fatty tissue to distribute.

88
Q

Most diabetics pts should also be taking _____.

A

Baby ASA, ACE inhibitors, and possibly statins.

89
Q

What percentage of all medication errors in hospital settings involve insulins?

A

11%

90
Q

Normal range for FBS?

A

70-110

91
Q

What are some nursing interventions for diabetes pts?

A

Insulin admin-timing, oral hypoglycemic admin-timing, food intake, med-alert bracelet, check blood sugar before exercising, teaching drug interactions.

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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