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Bio 30-1 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the posterior lobe? (Posterior pituitary gland) Name the hormones that are released by it.

A

The back side of the pituitary gland, hormones secreted by the posterior lobe are actually made in the hypothalamus, the hormones are stored in the axon endings. An action potential triggers their release.
Hormones: Oxytocin and ADH (anitdiuretic hormone)

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1
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

“master gland”, produces and stores hormones. It’s the gland at the base of the brain that together with the hypothalamus, functions as a control centre, coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems.

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2
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Where the nervous system and the endocrine system come together, (maintains the body’s equilibrium).

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3
Q

What is hGH? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

hGH (aka human growth hormone)
S: the anterior pituitary lobe)
T: affects most cells, but the most pronounced on cartilage and bone cells
A: stimulates the elongation of the skeletons (promotes growth and repair, and protein synthesis from fat)

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5
Q

What is the anterior lobe? (Anterior pituitary gland) Name the hormones that are released by it.

A

Front side of the pituitary gland, it synthesizes it’s own hormones. Hormones are released by releasing factors sent from the hypothalamus.
(Hormones: TSH, ACTH, hGH, FSH, LH, PR)

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6
Q

What is TSH? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
S: anterior pituitary gland
T: thyroid gland
A: releases T3 and T4 (for metabolism)- thyroxine

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7
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

A two lobed gland at the base of the neck that regulated metabolic processes. (Hormones produced: T3, T4, calcitonin)

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8
Q

What is ACTH? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (also called corticotropin) a tropic hormone
S: anterior pituitary
A: promotes cortisol release
T: adrenal cortex

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9
Q

What is FSH? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone
S: Anterior Pituitary
A: Females- promotes the development of follicles in the ovary. Males- increases sperm production.
T: Ovaries, Testes

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10
Q

What is LH? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

Luteinizing hormone
S: Anterior Pituitary
A: Ovaries, Testes
T: Females- promotes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. Males- regulates the production of testosterone.

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11
Q

What is PRL? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

Prolactin
S: Anterior Pituitary
A: associated with milk production
T: mammary glands

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12
Q

What is ADH? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

Antidiuretic hormone
S: posterior pituitary gland
A: increases water absorption (to conserve body water by reducing urine output)
T: kidneys

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13
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

Four pea-sized glands in the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone to regulate blood calcium and phosphate levels

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14
Q

What is thyroxine? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

Also known as T4
S: thyroid gland
T: most cells of the body
A: increases metabolism and regulates growth (regulates the rate at which glucose is oxides with body cells)
.Is negative feedback to reduce the production if TSH

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15
Q

What is calcitonin? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

S: thyroid gland
A: lowers calcium levels in the blood
T: intestines, bone, kidneys, bloodstream

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16
Q

What is coritsol? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

A type of glucocorticoid
S: adrenal cortex
A: stimulates conversion of amino acids to glucose, brings about an increase in blood sugar levels in response to stress
T: liver

17
Q

What is aldosterone? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

A type of mineralcorticoid
S: adrenal cortex
T: kidneys
A: helps regulate water balance by increasing sodium ion reabsorption (=water reabsorption) causes an increase in blood volume and pressure.

18
Q

What is glucocorticoid?

A

any of the steroids produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism and inhibits the release of corticotrophin. (eg. cortisol)

19
Q

What is mineralocorticoid?

A

any of the steroids produced by the adrenal cortex that help to regulate electrolyte and water balance. (eg. aldosterone)

20
Q

Differences and similarities with inhibiting factors and releasing hormones (releasing factors)?

A

one inhibits production of a hormone and the other causes a stimulus to release stored hormones, both are produced by the hypothalamus and go the anterior pituitary gland.

21
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans

A

hormone-producing cells of the pancreas- part of the endocrine system. (contains beta and alpha cells that are responsible for the production of two hormones: insulin and glucagon)

22
Q

What is insulin? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

S: pancreas (islets of Langerhans) (beta cells)
T: liver (and body cells)
A: increases glucose uptake, allows for the conversion of glucose to glycogen (decreases blood sugar levels) -causes cells to become more permeable to glucose

23
Q

What is glucagon? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

S: pancreas (islets of Langerhans) (alpha cells)
T: liver
A: promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose (increases blood sugar levels)

24
Q

Explain diabetes and the two main types.

A

diabetes is a chronic decease in which the body cannot any or enough insulin, or is unable to use properly the insulin it does make.
Type 1- early degeneration of beta cells causes the pancreas to be unable to produce insulin
Type 2- “adult onset diabetes” it’s a decrease in insulin production or an ineffective use of insulin that the body does make.

25
Q

What are and where are the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla?

A

the two glands make up the adrenal gland which sit right above the kidney. The medulla is surrounded by the cortex. The medulla is regulated by the nervous system while the cortex is regulated by hormones.
. Adrenal medulla produces.. epinephrine and norepinephrine
.Adrenal cortex produces… mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids and also some sex hormones.

26
Q

What is epinephrine? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

(adrenaline)
S: adrenal medulla
T:
A: accelerates heart rate and body reactions during a crisis (fight-or-flight response)

27
Q

What is norepinephrine? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

(noradrenaline)
S: adrenal medulla
T:
A: it initiates the flight-or-flight response by increasing heart rate and blood sugar

28
Q

What is PTH? (Give the source, target, and action)

A

Parathyroid hormone
S: parathyroid glands
T:
A: increases calcium levels in the blood and lowers the phosphate levels

Bio 30-1 (4 decks)

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