Endocrine System 2

Question 1

If the body is low on calcium, what hormone is secreted?

Answer 1

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 2

What are the effects of PTH?

Answer 2

Bone resorption occurs and calcium is dumped into the blood.
Excretion of calcium in the kidney is decreased as well
Calcium in the gut will increase as well (although this is due more to the action of vitamin D)

Question 3

T/F vitamin D acts as a feedback mechanism for decreased PTH release?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

There are two PTH receptors. What are they and where do they act?

Answer 4

PTHR1- bones and kidney

PTHR2- CNS pancreas, te…. I just read ahead and we don’t need to know PTHR2

Question 5

Activation of PTHR1 on osteoblasts induces the expression of what? What does it do?

Answer 5

RANKL

It leads to binding and activation of osteoclasts and bone resorption

Question 6

There’s a good chunk of this lecture that I’m not going to go over because we just barely did it in physio. If you want details, see the lecture.

Answer 6

Great.

Question 7

What is the active form of Vitamin D called?

Answer 7

Calcitriol

Question 8

What are the effects of calcitriol?

Answer 8

Increases:
calcium absorption in the gut
bone resorption
osteoclast development

Decreases:
kidney excretion of calcium
PTH secretion

Question 9

T/F vitamin D produces changes in gene expression.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What does calcitonin do and where does it come from?

Answer 10

Secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid in response to high serum calcium, it counteracts the effects of PTH

Question 11

Calcitonin increases bone formation, decreases kidney reabsorption of calcium and decreases absorption of calcium in the gut.

Answer 11

Thats a great clarifying flash card.

Question 12

Is this true, or is it false?

Abnormalities due to PTH issues can be an indication of kidney malfunction.

Answer 12

I declare it truth!

Question 13

There are a whole boatload of dental abnormalities associated with hypo/hyperparathyroidism.

Answer 13

See slide 15

Question 14

Let’s say that you have osteoporosis. What drug may you take. What do bisphosphonates do?

Answer 14

They inhibit bone resorption and osteoclast activity

Restore bone density

Question 15

____ is the principal androgen.

Answer 15

Testosterone

Question 16

95% of testosterone comes from where? Testosterone synthesis and release is stimulated by what?

Answer 16

The leydig cells of the testis

LH

Question 17

What does testosterone do?

Answer 17

facial hair, collagen production
produces sperm
sex drive
strength and muscle mass
produces red blood cells
maintains bone density

Question 18

____ is the major secretory product of the ovary.

Answer 18

Estradiol

Question 19

What are two thing that are made in the liver from estradiol?

Answer 19

Estrone

Estriol

Question 20

There are a bunch of effects of estrogen.

Answer 20

See slide 23 for details

Question 21

Natural estrogens are those from which synthetic estrogens are derived.

Answer 21

Great

Question 22

So there I was, having just taken the physio test and I don’t care a whole lot about this pharm lecture.

Answer 22

Most of it is review anyways. I apologize for these weak sauce cards.

Question 23

Clinical uses of estrogens include what?

Answer 23

Primary hypogonadism- women need estrogen in order to develop secondary sex characteristics
Postmenopausal hormonal therapy- to prevent hot flashes and osteoporosis

Question 24

If great cancer cells have the estrogen receptor, it is very likely that what is happening?

Answer 24

That estrogen is what is driving cell proliferation. So use a drug that antagonizes the effect of estrogen’s in breast cancer cells and block proliferation

Question 25

I stopped on slide 28

Answer 25

I’ll pick it up later.