Endocrine System

Question 1

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Controls, monitors organs, glands, and processes int the body using hormones.

Question 2

Anatomy of the Endocrine System

Answer 2

organs and small glands are mostly disconnected, not at all like organs in other systems

Question 3

What are some organs that are apart of the endocrine system and nervous system?

Answer 3

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and pineal gland

Question 4

Endocrine glands:

Answer 4

Are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 5

Exocrine glands (not part of this system):

Answer 5

Are sweat, and salivary glands that go through a duct to a “surface”

Question 6

HORMONES:

Answer 6

= chemical messengers that influence the activities of tissues and organs

Question 7

STERIOD hormones:

Answer 7

=lipid (fat) based, receptors found inside the nucleus (activates mRNA production and stimulates protein synthesis)

Question 8

NON-STERIODAL hormones:

Answer 8

protein (peptide) or amino acid derived, have receptors on the cell membrane surface (activate secondary messages that work inside the cell)

Question 9

Where are hormones transported to?

Answer 9

Hormones are transported all around the body to TARGET cells, that have specific RECEPTORS

Question 10

Binding of hormone to specific target cell influences the cell’s activity:

Answer 10

-changes the cell’s membrane permeability
-increases or decreases enzyme activity
-increases protein synthesis
-stimulates secretion

Question 11

What are the major endocrine organs?

Answer 11

The hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, + the male testis and female ovaries.

Question 12

the hypothalamus:

Answer 12

-part of both nervous and endocrine system (small/deep in brain) (connects nervous system to endocrine system)
- collects info from body system and integrates responses to maintain homeostasis
-has control over pituitary

Question 13

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 13

metabolism, heart rate, energy level, body temperature, thirst, nutrient intake, blood pressure, blood composition, sometimes even emotions, and regulating sleep.

Question 14

Where are adrenal glands located?

Answer 14

On top of the kidneys, pyramid shaped

Question 15

Adrenal Cortex:

Answer 15

-outer layer of the gland
-secretes cortisol (stress hormone)increases blood glucose levels

Question 16

Adrenal Medulla:

Answer 16

-inside of the gland
-secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in physical + emotional stress

Question 17

An adrenaline rush creates the…

Answer 17

blood flow to be shunted/pushed into the muscles and energy becomes more available (increases heart rate, and blood pressure +breathing)

Question 18

What are reproductive glands called?

Answer 18

Gonads

Question 19

Ovaries:

Answer 19

-produce eggs for reproduction
- produce estrogen and progesterone to help develop female sex characteristics, and to regulate the menstrual/period cycle

Question 20

Testes:

Answer 20

-produce sperm for reproduction
- androgen and testosterone hormones/regulate sperm production and develop male sex characteristics

Question 21

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 21

under sternum, anterior to the heart

Question 22

Thymus:

Answer 22

-roles in lymphatic and immune system
- releases hormone thymosin

Question 23

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 23

In the brain

Question 24

Pineal gland:

Answer 24

-role in sleep
-releases melatonin for sleeping

Question 25

The pituitary gland phenotype..

Answer 25

Pea-sized, bi-lobed gland (two lobes), located at the base of the brain

Question 26

Pituitary gland:

Answer 26

-most hormones secreted by the pituitary gland stimulate other endocrine glands
-“master gland” of endocrine gland

Question 27

Pituitary hormone: GH

Answer 27

-Growth Hormone -acts directly on body tissues
-responsible for growth and development of muscles, cartilage, and bones
-even changes metabolism to use fat +protein for energy in excessive physical activity

Question 28

Pituitary Hormone: Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-

Answer 28

stimulates adrenal glands

Question 29

Pituitary Hormone: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 29

stimulates thyroid gland

Question 30

Pituitary Hormone: Oxytocin

Answer 30

(from hypothalamus- posterior end of pituitary releases)
-Roles in birth and breastfeeding
- “Love” hormone

Question 31

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 31

Inferior to the larynx, at the base of the throat

Question 32

Thyroid Gland:

Answer 32

(voice box, Adam’s apple)
-butterfly shaped
-roles in growth, development, maturation, (energy production)

Question 33

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 33

-Thyroxine (t4) and Triiodothyronine (t3)
(Thyroid is controlled by TSH from pituitary)

Question 34

Where is the pancreas located/resembles?

Answer 34

A long thin gland located posterior to stomach

Question 35

Pancreas:

Answer 35

-both endocrine and exocrine
-endocrine: secretes hormones that control blood glucose levels
-Exocrine = digestive enzymes

Question 36

Insulin:

Answer 36

-decreases blood sugar
- helps move sugar into cells

Question 37

Glucagon

Answer 37

• increases blood sugar
  -releases STORED sugars into the blood stream

Question 38

The endocrine system…

Answer 38

sends hormones through circulatory system

Question 39

HORMONES REGULATE

Answer 39

-breakdown of chemical substances in metabolism of what we ingest
-fluid balance/urine production
-body’s growth+development
-sexual reproduction