Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

Controls, monitors organs, glands, and processes int the body using hormones.

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2
Q

Anatomy of the Endocrine System

A

organs and small glands are mostly disconnected, not at all like organs in other systems

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3
Q

What are some organs that are apart of the endocrine system and nervous system?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and pineal gland

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4
Q

Endocrine glands:

A

Are ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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5
Q

Exocrine glands (not part of this system):

A

Are sweat, and salivary glands that go through a duct to a “surface”

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6
Q

HORMONES:

A

= chemical messengers that influence the activities of tissues and organs

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7
Q

STERIOD hormones:

A

=lipid (fat) based, receptors found inside the nucleus (activates mRNA production and stimulates protein synthesis)

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8
Q

NON-STERIODAL hormones:

A

protein (peptide) or amino acid derived, have receptors on the cell membrane surface (activate secondary messages that work inside the cell)

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9
Q

Where are hormones transported to?

A

Hormones are transported all around the body to TARGET cells, that have specific RECEPTORS

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10
Q

Binding of hormone to specific target cell influences the cell’s activity:

A

-changes the cell’s membrane permeability
-increases or decreases enzyme activity
-increases protein synthesis
-stimulates secretion

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11
Q

What are the major endocrine organs?

A

The hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, + the male testis and female ovaries.

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12
Q

the hypothalamus:

A

-part of both nervous and endocrine system (small/deep in brain) (connects nervous system to endocrine system)
- collects info from body system and integrates responses to maintain homeostasis
-has control over pituitary

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13
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

metabolism, heart rate, energy level, body temperature, thirst, nutrient intake, blood pressure, blood composition, sometimes even emotions, and regulating sleep.

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14
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

On top of the kidneys, pyramid shaped

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15
Q

Adrenal Cortex:

A

-outer layer of the gland
-secretes cortisol (stress hormone)increases blood glucose levels

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16
Q

Adrenal Medulla:

A

-inside of the gland
-secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in physical + emotional stress

17
Q

An adrenaline rush creates the…

A

blood flow to be shunted/pushed into the muscles and energy becomes more available (increases heart rate, and blood pressure +breathing)

18
Q

What are reproductive glands called?

19
Q

Ovaries:

A

-produce eggs for reproduction
- produce estrogen and progesterone to help develop female sex characteristics, and to regulate the menstrual/period cycle

20
Q

Testes:

A

-produce sperm for reproduction
- androgen and testosterone hormones/regulate sperm production and develop male sex characteristics

21
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

under sternum, anterior to the heart

22
Q

Thymus:

A

-roles in lymphatic and immune system
- releases hormone thymosin

23
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

In the brain

24
Q

Pineal gland:

A

-role in sleep
-releases melatonin for sleeping

25
The pituitary gland phenotype..
Pea-sized, bi-lobed gland (two lobes), located at the base of the brain
26
Pituitary gland:
-most hormones secreted by the pituitary gland stimulate other endocrine glands -"master gland" of endocrine gland
27
Pituitary hormone: GH
-Growth Hormone -acts directly on body tissues -responsible for growth and development of muscles, cartilage, and bones -even changes metabolism to use fat +protein for energy in excessive physical activity
28
Pituitary Hormone: Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-
stimulates adrenal glands
29
Pituitary Hormone: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates thyroid gland
30
Pituitary Hormone: Oxytocin
(from hypothalamus- posterior end of pituitary releases) -Roles in birth and breastfeeding - "Love" hormone
31
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Inferior to the larynx, at the base of the throat
32
Thyroid Gland:
(voice box, Adam's apple) -butterfly shaped -roles in growth, development, maturation, (energy production)
33
What does the thyroid gland secrete?
-Thyroxine (t4) and Triiodothyronine (t3) (Thyroid is controlled by TSH from pituitary)
34
Where is the pancreas located/resembles?
A long thin gland located posterior to stomach
35
Pancreas:
-both endocrine and exocrine -endocrine: secretes hormones that control blood glucose levels -Exocrine = digestive enzymes
36
Insulin:
-decreases blood sugar - helps move sugar into cells
37
Glucagon
- increases blood sugar -releases STORED sugars into the blood stream
38
The endocrine system...
sends hormones through circulatory system
39
HORMONES REGULATE
-breakdown of chemical substances in metabolism of what we ingest -fluid balance/urine production -body's growth+development -sexual reproduction