Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Compare and contrast NS and ES

A
  • NS: quick responses to rapid changes in external environment
  • ES: slower acting - taking care of internal environment of body, maintaining homeostasis and controlling reproduction
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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

region of diencephalon inferior to thalamus
Function: neural and endocrine signalling

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3
Q

Function of endocrine glands?

A
  • Ductless glands
  • secrete their hormones directly into surrounding fluid
  • interstitial fluid and blood vessels then transport hormones throughout the body
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4
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • bean-sized organ suspended from hypothalamus (suspended by a stem called infundibulum).
  • Cradled within sella turcic of sphenoid bone of the skull
  • 2 lobes (anterior = glandular tissue, posterior = neural tissue)
  • Function: produces, stores and secretes hormones
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5
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • butterfly-shaped organ
  • location: anterior to trachea and inferior to larynx
  • function: synthesis of thyroid hormones
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6
Q

Parathyroid glands

A
  • Small, round glands embedded in posterior thyroid gland
  • Most people have 4, but some may have more
  • function: produces parathyroid hormone to regulate blood Ca levels
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7
Q

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands

A
  • Wedges of glandular and neuroendocrine tissue attached to superior surface of the kidneys by a fibrous capsule
  • function: secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which stimulate the fight or flight response
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8
Q

Pineal gland

A

Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin (sleep-wake)

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9
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Location: posterior to stomach
  • organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions
  • Pancreatic islets: clusters of cells secrete glucagon and insulin (together they regulate blood glucose levels)
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10
Q

Major hormones of anterior pituitary

A
  • Growth hormone (GH): growth of body tissues
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates thyroid hormone release
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): simulates gamete production
  • Luteinising hormone (LH): stimulates androgen production by gonads
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11
Q

Major hormones of thyroid

A
  • Thyroid hormones: stimulate basal metabolic rate
  • Calcitonin: reduces blood Ca2+ levels
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12
Q

Major hormone of parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Increases blood Ca2+ levels

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13
Q

Major hormone of adrenal (medulla)

A

Epinephrine / norepinephrine : stimulate fight or flight response

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14
Q

Major hormone of pineal gland

A

Melatonin: sleep-wake cycles

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15
Q

Major hormones of pancreas

A
  • Insulin: reduces blood glucose levels
  • Glucagon: increases blood glucose levels
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16
Q

Major hormones of testes

A

Testosterone: stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production

17
Q

Major hormones of ovaries

A

Oestrogens and progesterone: stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics and prepare the body for childbirth

18
Q

Major hormone of posterior pituitaty

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys
19
Q

Posterior pituitary

A
  • extension of neurons of hypothalamus
  • Cell bodies rest in hypothalamus, but their axons descend through the infundibulum, and end in the posterior pituitary
  • does not produce hormones, but rather stores and secretes hormones including antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus
20
Q

Testes

A
  • male gonads
  • paired ovals located in the scrotum
  • produce testosterone
  • both endocrine and exocrine
21
Q

Ovaries

A
  • female gonads
  • paired ovals located in pelvic cavity
  • secrete oestrogens and progesterone
  • exocrine and endocrine glands