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A&P 2 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the organs of the endocrine system?

A

*thyroid gland
*Thymus gland
*Adrenal gland
*Parathyroid gland
*pancreas
*pineal gland
*hypothalamus
*Pituitary gland
*Ovaries
*Testes

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2
Q

what is the pituitary gland also called?

A

hypophysis

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3
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

inferior to the hypothalamus
connected by infudibulum

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4
Q

what are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

the anterior and posterior lobe

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5
Q

what gland plays an important role in regulating the activity of other endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary gland

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6
Q

what is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland also called?

A

neurohypophysis

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7
Q

what is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland also composed of?

A

neurons that originate in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland also called?

A

adenohypophysis

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9
Q

what is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland also composed of?

A

glandular tissue

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10
Q

what is the anterior lobe regulated by?

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

what is the growth hormone target?

A

bones,muscles, & other tissues

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12
Q

what is the growth hormone action?

A

stimulate growth and divison

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13
Q

what is the Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) target?

A

Adrenal cortex

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14
Q

what is the Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) action?

A

stimulates release of adrenal cortex hormones

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15
Q

what is the Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) target?

A

thyroid gland

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16
Q

what is the Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) action?

A

stimulates the release of thyroid hormones

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17
Q

what is the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action?

A

stimulates the development of ova and sperm

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18
Q

what is the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) target?

A

gonads

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19
Q

what is the Luteinizing hormone target?

A

gonads

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20
Q

what is the Luteinizing (LH) hormone action?

A

stimulates secretion of sex hormones

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21
Q

what is the prolactin (PRL) hormone target?

A

mammary glands

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22
Q

what is the prolactin hormone (PRL) action?

A

stimulates milk production

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23
Q

what is the target of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

melanocytes

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24
Q

what is the action of melanocytes-stimulating hormone(MSH)

A

stimulates melanin production

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25
Q

what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

A

*growth hormone
*Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
*thyroid-stimulating
*follicle stimulating
*luteinizing hormone
*Prolactin
*Melanocyte-stimulating

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26
Q

what is the hormone of the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

A

*antidiuretic
*oxytocin

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27
Q

what is the antidiuretic hormone target?

A

renal tubules

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28
Q

what is the antidiuretic hormone action?

A

stimulate water reabsorption

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29
Q

what is the target of oxytocin?

A

uterus and mammary glands

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30
Q

what is the action of oxytocin?

A

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery and release of milk

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31
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

anterior neck

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32
Q

what is stored in the colloid before being released into the bloodstream?

A

thyroxine and triiodothyronnie

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33
Q

what secretes calcitonin?

A

parafollicular cells

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34
Q

what is secreted by follicle cells?

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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35
Q

what is the target of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

every cell in the body

36
Q

what is the action of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)?

A

*regulate oxygen utilization
*regulate rate of metabolism of the cells

37
Q

what is the target of calcitonin?

A

bone and kidneys

38
Q

what is the action of calcitonin?

A

*reduce blood calcium levels
(calciums->bone->excreted by kidneys)

39
Q

what are the parathyroid glands composed of?

A

chief cells and oxyphil cells

40
Q

what do chief cells secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

41
Q

what is the target of the parathyroid hormone?

A

bone and kidneys

42
Q

what are the actions of the parathyroid hormone?

A

*raise blood calcium level

43
Q

where are the adrenal gland located?

A

above each kidney

44
Q

what are the two regions of the adrenal cortex?

A

*outer cortex
*inner medulla

45
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Corticosteroids hormones

46
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

flight or fight hormones
Epinephrine and norepinephrine

47
Q

what is the target of mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)?

A

kidneys

48
Q

what is the action of mineralocorticoids?

A

increase renal reabsorption of sodium

49
Q

what is the target of glucocorticoids (cortisol)?

A

most cells

50
Q

what is the action of glucocorticoids?

A

affects rate of glucose metabolic

51
Q

what is the target of Androgens?

A

little affect

52
Q

what is the action of androgens?

A

Precursor of male and female sex hormones

53
Q

what are the hormone located in the adrenal cortex?

A

*mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
*Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
*Androgens

54
Q

what are the hormones in the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

55
Q

what does epinephrine target?

A

most cells

56
Q

what is the action of epinephrine

A

*increase cardiac activity
*Blood pressure
*Blood glucose levels

57
Q

what does norepinephrine target?

A

most cells

58
Q

what is the action of norepinephrine?

A

*increase cardiac activity
*Blood pressure
*Blood glucose levels

59
Q

what is zona glomerulosa part of?

A

adrenal cortex

60
Q

what secretes mineralocorticoids?

A

Zona glomerulosa

61
Q

what is the zona reticularis a part of?

A

adrenal cortex

62
Q

what secretes androgens?

A

zona reticularis

63
Q

what are the endocrine cells found in the pancreas?

A

pancreatic islet

64
Q

what do pancreatic islets secrete?

A

Insulin and glucagon

65
Q

Are pancreatic acini exocrine or endocrine?

A

exocrine

66
Q

what do pancreatic acini cells secrete?

A

secrete digestive enzymes and buffers

67
Q

what kind of cells are beta cells?

A

endocrine cells

68
Q

what doe beta cells secrete?

A

insulin

69
Q

what kind of cells are alpha cells?

A

endocrine cells

70
Q

what do alpha cells secrete?

A

glucagon

71
Q

what is the target of insulin hormone?

A

every cell in body

72
Q

what is the action of the insulin hormone?

A

*lower blood glucose levels

73
Q

what is the target of glucagon hormone?

A

Liver

74
Q

what is the action of the glucagon hormone?

A

raise the blood glucose level

75
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone

76
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

hyposecretion of insulin

77
Q

Dwarfism

A

hyposecretion of growth hormone

78
Q

Gigantism

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone

79
Q

Hashimoto disease
(low metabolic rate¸ weakness¸ mental and physical sluggishness)

A

hyposecretion of T3 and T4

80
Q

Hypoglycemia (low levels of glucose)

A

hyposecretion of insulin

81
Q

Pheochromocytoma—increased heart rate¸ and blood pressure

A

hypersecretion of epinephrine

82
Q

Recklinghausen’s disease of bone—the bones lose calcium and the blood calcium level is too high

A

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

83
Q

Tetany—low blood level of calcium¸ leading to muscle and nerve irritability

A

hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone

84
Q

Virilism—the appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female

A

hypersecretion of androgens

85
Q

what do intestinal cells secrete?

A

Testosterone

86
Q

what are parafollicular cells also called?

A

Clear or C cells

87
Q

what is the circadian rhythm?

A

The body 24-hour clock

A&P 2 (3 decks)

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