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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of glands?

A
  • Produce and secrete hormones
  • Main function is to maintain homeostasis and promote permanent structural changes
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2
Q

What are Exocrine Glands

A
  • Exo meaning “outside”
  • Secrete their products/hormones into duct as opposed to directly into the bloodstream
  • Excrete chemicals for elimination
  • Ducts carry secretions to the surface of the skin or into a body cavity
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3
Q

What are Endocrine Glands

A
  • Endo meaning “inside”
  • Secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body
  • Do not have ducts
  • Release hormones directly into blood stream to be carried to “target tissues”
  • Carry hormones
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4
Q

What are hormones?

A
  • Messengers that are responsible for telling some parts of the body to start/stop doing something
  • Hormones are released directly into the blood stream
  • Travel in the blood stream to target tissues
  • Each target cell has specific receptor sites to which the specific hormone can attach or bind to
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5
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the receptor sites?

A
  • Recognize and bind to their particular hormone
  • Initiate an appropriate signal
  • Once attached, the “message” to alter the cellular function is delivered
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6
Q

What is an agonist in a cell?

A

Molecule that binds and triggers a response by that cell that produce some kind of action

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7
Q

What is an antagonist in a cell?

A
  • Bind to a cell and block the action of an agonist
  • Widely used as drugs
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8
Q

What is a feedback system?

A

Maintain an optimal internal operating environment in the body (positive or negative)

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9
Q

What do negative feedback mechanisms do?

A
  • Work until the variable is back to its original state
  • A chemical is released to stimulate the release of what is needed in the body. Once the normal levels are reached, the stimulating hormone is blocked, resulting in a stopping of the feedback system.
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10
Q

What do positive feedback mechanisms do?

A
  • Enhance the original stimulus
  • Ex. childbirth and oxytocin
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11
Q

The release of hormones is regulated by…

A
  • Chemical factors
  • Other hormonal factors
  • Neural control
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12
Q

Disease occurs when…

A
  • Normal cell signalling is interrupted
  • Usually, feedback mechanisms are disrupting
  • Leading to inappropriate cell function
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13
Q

Hypothalamic- pituitary system

A
  • Controls the function of multiple peripheral endocrine organs
  • Considered part of the endocrine system because it sends signals to the adrenal gland to release epinephrine or norepinephrine
  • Produces its own hormones, ADH, oxytocin
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14
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A
  • Not a gland
  • Contains several control centers for the body functions and emotions
  • Primary link between endocrine and nervous system
    Responsible for:
  • Releasing hormones
  • Maintaining daily physiological cycles
  • Controlling appetite
  • Managing sexual behaviours
  • Regulating emotional responses
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15
Q

What is the Pituitary Gland?

A
  • “Master Gland”
  • Its secretions control or regulate the secretions of so many other endocrine glands
  • Attached to hypothalamus
  • Divided into 2 regions:
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Posterior pituitary
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16
Q

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A
  • Growth hormone- regulates growth, metabolism, and body composition
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone- stimulates thyroid to secrete its hormones
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete their hormones, principally cortisol
  • 3 gonadotropic hormones- act on the ovaries or testes to stimulate sex hormone production, egg and sperm maturity
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17
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary glands secrete?

A
  • ADH- AKA vasopressin, controls water balance and BP
  • Oxytocin- stimulates uterine contraction during labour and milk secretions for breastfeeding
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18
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A
  • Found at the front of the neck, below the Adams Apple
  • Primarily influences metabolic rates in the body
  • Also plays a small role in development
  • Secretes thyroxine
19
Q

What is thyroxine?

A
  • A major metabolic hormone produced by the thyroid that stimulates energy production in cells
  • Increases the rate at which cells consume oxygen and use carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
  • Ex. when the body is cold, increased cellular metabolism creates heat
20
Q

What is Iodines role in producing thryoxine?

A
  • Without proper levels of iodine, thyroxine cannot be produced
  • Individuals physical and mental growth are diminished
21
Q

What is calcitonin?

A
  • Maintains normal calcium levels in the blood
  • Is secreted when thyroid detects high levels of calcium
  • Stimulates the bone-building cells to absorb the excess calcium, and kidneys to absorb and excrete calcium
22
Q

What is the parathyroid?

A
  • 4 tiny glands located in the neck that control the body’s calcium levels (when they are low)
  • Assist in the regulation of calcium
    Parathyroid hormone:
  • Acts as an agonist to calcitonin
  • Secreted when the calcium blood levels are low
  • Causes bone dissolving cells to break down bone and release calcium
23
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A
  • Two parts:
  • Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
  • Both produce hormones
  • Located above the kidneys
24
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?

A
  • Corticosteroids- group of steroid hormones produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands
  • 2 main- mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)
  • They regulate:
  • Metabolism
  • Balance of salt and water
  • Immune system
  • Sexual function
25
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A
  • Catecholamines that are responsible for most of the adrenaline that circulates the body
  • Coping with physical and emotional stress
  • Increase the heart and respiratory rates and BP
26
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • Catecholamine that is released during times of stress
  • Targets the adrenal cortex and causes it to secret cortisol
  • This then stimulates body cells to increase their energy production
27
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Catecholamine that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium from the urine and excrete potassium
  • When sodium is reabsorbed into the blood, water follows
  • Increases blood volume and blood pressure
  • Reduces the amount of salt and water lost through the sweat and salivary glands
28
Q

Fight or flight response

A
  • Body’s reaction to physical or emotional stress
  • Secretes small amounts of norepinephrine and large amounts of epinephrine
  • Norepi raises blood pressure by vasocontriction
  • Epi stimulates SNS
  • Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose for use as energy
  • Both hormones increase oxygen and glucose in the blood and faster circulation of the blood to the brain, heart and muscles
29
Q

What is the pancreas?

A
  • A digestive gland
  • Considered both an endocrine and exocrine gland
  • Secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct
30
Q

What does the pancreas do as an endocrine gland?

A
  • Functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels
  • Secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin (inhibits secretions of other hormones)
31
Q

What does the pancreas do as part of the GI system?

A
  • Secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct
  • This juice contains bicarbonate which neutralizes acid in the stomach and breaks down carbs, proteins, and fat
32
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhans?

A
  • Endocrine component of the pancreas
  • Cell groups within the pancreas
  • Organ within and organ
  • Responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels
33
Q

What is Glucagon?

A
  • Hormone secreted by the pancreas
  • Produced by alpha cells
  • Secreted when the body’s blood glucose levels fall
  • Raises the glucose level
  • Stimulates the liver to change glycogen into sugar
  • Glucagon is a hormone that helps released the stored sugars that somebody already has- you must have stored glycogen for it to work takes up to 20 minutes sometimes
  • Dextrose- basically sugar water, raises blood sugar very fast
34
Q

What is Insulin?

A
  • Hormone secreted by the pancreas
  • Allows for storage of glycogen
  • From beta cells
  • Enables cells to uptake glucose and allows for the storage of glycogen (for later use), fats and proteins
  • Responsible for the removal of glucose from the blood for storage
  • Secreted when blood glucose levels are elevated
  • Only hormone that decreases the blood glucose levels
35
Q

What is the role of Glucagon?

A
  • Glycogenolysis: conversion of glycogen into glucose from stores in the liver (releases)
  • Glucogenesis: conversion of nutrients into glucose molecules (stores)- happens first
  • Increases the use of fat and amino acids for energy production
36
Q

What is Somatostatin?

A
  • Produced in the delta cells of the pancreas, the nervous system and GI tract
  • Inhibits the release of other hormones including both insulin and glucagon
37
Q

When is somatostatin released?

A
  • Somatostatin is released in response to stresses like exercise, stress, and hypoglycemia
  • Insulin agonist -> decreases insulin action on the cell membrane, reducing the capacity of muscles, adipose tissues and the liver to absorb glucose -> blood glucose levels rise
38
Q

Insulin release = ?

A

Lower blood sugar levels

39
Q

Glucagon release = ?

A

Higher blood sugar levels

40
Q

Somatostatin release = ?

A

Higher blood sugar levels

41
Q

What are Gonads?

A
  • Main source of sex hormones
42
Q

What are Testes?

A
  • Located in the scrotum
  • Produce hormones called androgens: testosterone and controls puberty
43
Q

What are Ovaries?

A
  • Release eggs
  • Secrete the hormones estrogen and progesterone

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