Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What are causes of Endocrine Disorders?
A
- Most common cause is development of tumours
- Called adenomas
- They may cause excess hormone or alter the regular function of the glands
- Target cells can become resistant or insensitive to hormones, creating the effect of a hormone deficit
- Congenital defects of glands
- Infections of glands
- Vascular problems
2
Q
What is Diabetes?
A
- Diabetes Mellitus is caused by a relative deficit of insulin secretions from the beta cells or by a lack of response to the cells (insulin resistance)
- Insulin works to metabolize carbs, proteins and fats by the transport of glucose
- Your body doesn’t have insulin or does not recognize it
3
Q
What is normal blood sugar?
A
4-8 mmol/L
4
Q
What is Type 1 Diabetes
A
- Formerly known as Insulin Dependent, now called Juvenile Onset
- More severe form
- Occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, however, can occur at any age
- Insulin deficit results from destruction of the pancreatic beta cells in autoimmune reaction (basically attacks itself)
- This results in absolute deficit of insulin in the body, requiring replacement of therapy
- Amount of replacement therapy depends on the metabolic needs of the body
- Based on dietary intake and metabolic activity
- Diabetic complications such as hypoglycemia and DKA are more likely to occur in this group
5
Q
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
A
- Formerly NIDDM
- Mature onset
- Based on decreased effectiveness of insulin (still has insulin but its not working as well anymore)
May be a result of: - Decreased beta cell production of insulin
- Increased resistance by body cells to insulin
- Increased production of glucose by the liver
- Any combination of these
- Can be controlled by diet, better glucose utilization (exercise), reducing insulin resistance, stimulating beta cells in the pancreas to secrete more insulin
- Type 2 is usually in older obese adults
6
Q
What is Gestational Diabetes?
A
- May develop during pregnancy
- Disappears following delivery of the child
- Results from increased glucose intolerance resulting in high glucose levels
- Dietary management is vital
- Insulin is given worst case- oral meds are avoided as they are potentially teratogenic
- Often times these females develop diabetes later on in life
- Pancreas does not produce effective insulin
7
Q
What is glucosuria?
A
Excess glucose spills into the urine
8
Q
Why does glucosuria happen?
A
The level of glucose exceeds the kidney’s ability to filter and reabsorb it
9
Q
What is Polyuria?
A
Large volumes of urine
10
Q
Why does polyuria happen?
A
Glucose in the urine exerts osmotic pressure in the renal system, causes loss of fluid and electrolytes from body tissues.
11
Q
What is polydipsia?
A
Increased thirst
12
Q
What is polyphagia?
A
Increased appetite
13
Q
What is Hypoglycemia?
A
- Blood sugar less than 4mmol/L, and less than 3mmol for children under 2 yr old.
- Excessive insulin that causes a deficit of glucose in the blood
- Sudden onset due to exercise, vomiting, skipping a meal after insulin intake or a med dosing error
14
Q
Signs and symptoms of Hypoglcemia?
A
- Poor concentration
- Slurred speech
- Lack of coordination
- Staggering walk
- Often mimic intoxication
15
Q
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
A
- Results from insufficient insulin resulting in high BS
- > 22 mmol/L
- Occurs over several days
- May be initiated by infection or stress- these increase the demand for insulin in the body
- May also result from overindulgence of food or alcohol or medication errors
16
Q
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
A
- Results from insufficient insulin resulting in high BS
- > 22 mmol/L
- Occurs over several days
- May be initiated by infection or stress- these increase the demand for insulin in the body
- May also result from overindulgence of food or alcohol or medication errors
17
Q
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
A
- Results from insufficient insulin resulting in high BS
- > 22 mmol/L
- Occurs over several days
- May be initiated by infection or stress- these increase the demand for insulin in the body
- May also result from overindulgence of food or alcohol or medication errors
18
Q
Signs and Symptoms of DKA related to dehydration
A
- Thirst, dry, rough mucosa
- Pulse is rapid, weak and thready
- Low BP
- Decreased urine output
- Deep, rapid respirations
- Sweet smelling breath
- Lethargy
- Decreased LOC
19
Q
Signs and Symptoms of DKA related to dehydration
A
- Thirst, dry, rough mucosa
- Pulse is rapid, weak and thready
- Low BP
- Decreased urine output
- Deep, rapid respirations
- Sweet smelling breath
- Lethargy
- Decreased LOC
20
Q
Signs and Symptoms of DKA related to imbalances of sodium, potassium, and chloride
A
- Abdominal cramps
- Nausea/vomiting
- Lethargy, weakness
- If potassium levels are affected- CNS depression, coma
21
Q
Treatment of DKA
A
- Administration of insulin
- Replacement of fluid/electrolytes
- Bicarbonate- reverse acidosis
22
Q
Hyperthyroidism
A
- Thyroid produces too much hormones
- Causes increase in body functions: increase HR, sweating, feeling nervous, weight loss, shaky hands, bulging eyes, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, increased appetite
23
Q
Hypothyroidism
A
- Thyroid does not produce enough hormones
- S & S: cold intolerance, constipation, muscle or joint pain, brittle nails, slow heart rate
24
Q
Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)
A
- Caused by atrophy or destruction of glands (don’t make enough cortisol and aldosterone)
- Leads to the deficiency of all steroid hormones
- Frequently exhibit hyperpigmentation of the skin
25
Q
Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency
A
- Relatively common condition
- Lack of adrenocorticotropic secretion from the pituitary gland
26
Q
Phenochromocytoma
A
- Benign tumour of the adrenal medulla that secretes too much EPI
- Signs and symptoms include headache, sweating, heart palpitations, anxiety
27
Q
Adrenal Cortex- Cushing’s syndrome
A
- Excessive amount of corticosteroids released (cortisol and hydrocortisone)
- They are responsible for stress so it can cause a lot of issues
Signs and Symptoms include: - Moon face, cardiac hypertrophy, obesity, poor wound healing, hypertension, osteoporosis, muscle wasting,
