Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are causes of Endocrine Disorders?

A
  • Most common cause is development of tumours
  • Called adenomas
  • They may cause excess hormone or alter the regular function of the glands
  • Target cells can become resistant or insensitive to hormones, creating the effect of a hormone deficit
  • Congenital defects of glands
  • Infections of glands
  • Vascular problems
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2
Q

What is Diabetes?

A
  • Diabetes Mellitus is caused by a relative deficit of insulin secretions from the beta cells or by a lack of response to the cells (insulin resistance)
  • Insulin works to metabolize carbs, proteins and fats by the transport of glucose
  • Your body doesn’t have insulin or does not recognize it
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3
Q

What is normal blood sugar?

A

4-8 mmol/L

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4
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • Formerly known as Insulin Dependent, now called Juvenile Onset
  • More severe form
  • Occurs more frequently in children and adolescents, however, can occur at any age
  • Insulin deficit results from destruction of the pancreatic beta cells in autoimmune reaction (basically attacks itself)
  • This results in absolute deficit of insulin in the body, requiring replacement of therapy
  • Amount of replacement therapy depends on the metabolic needs of the body
  • Based on dietary intake and metabolic activity
  • Diabetic complications such as hypoglycemia and DKA are more likely to occur in this group
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5
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

A
  • Formerly NIDDM
  • Mature onset
  • Based on decreased effectiveness of insulin (still has insulin but its not working as well anymore)
    May be a result of:
  • Decreased beta cell production of insulin
  • Increased resistance by body cells to insulin
  • Increased production of glucose by the liver
  • Any combination of these
  • Can be controlled by diet, better glucose utilization (exercise), reducing insulin resistance, stimulating beta cells in the pancreas to secrete more insulin
  • Type 2 is usually in older obese adults
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6
Q

What is Gestational Diabetes?

A
  • May develop during pregnancy
  • Disappears following delivery of the child
  • Results from increased glucose intolerance resulting in high glucose levels
  • Dietary management is vital
  • Insulin is given worst case- oral meds are avoided as they are potentially teratogenic
  • Often times these females develop diabetes later on in life
  • Pancreas does not produce effective insulin
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7
Q

What is glucosuria?

A

Excess glucose spills into the urine

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8
Q

Why does glucosuria happen?

A

The level of glucose exceeds the kidney’s ability to filter and reabsorb it

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9
Q

What is Polyuria?

A

Large volumes of urine

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10
Q

Why does polyuria happen?

A

Glucose in the urine exerts osmotic pressure in the renal system, causes loss of fluid and electrolytes from body tissues.

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11
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

Increased thirst

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12
Q

What is polyphagia?

A

Increased appetite

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13
Q

What is Hypoglycemia?

A
  • Blood sugar less than 4mmol/L, and less than 3mmol for children under 2 yr old.
  • Excessive insulin that causes a deficit of glucose in the blood
  • Sudden onset due to exercise, vomiting, skipping a meal after insulin intake or a med dosing error
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14
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypoglcemia?

A
  • Poor concentration
  • Slurred speech
  • Lack of coordination
  • Staggering walk
  • Often mimic intoxication
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15
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

A
  • Results from insufficient insulin resulting in high BS
  • > 22 mmol/L
  • Occurs over several days
  • May be initiated by infection or stress- these increase the demand for insulin in the body
  • May also result from overindulgence of food or alcohol or medication errors
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16
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

A
  • Results from insufficient insulin resulting in high BS
  • > 22 mmol/L
  • Occurs over several days
  • May be initiated by infection or stress- these increase the demand for insulin in the body
  • May also result from overindulgence of food or alcohol or medication errors
17
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

A
  • Results from insufficient insulin resulting in high BS
  • > 22 mmol/L
  • Occurs over several days
  • May be initiated by infection or stress- these increase the demand for insulin in the body
  • May also result from overindulgence of food or alcohol or medication errors
18
Q

Signs and Symptoms of DKA related to dehydration

A
  • Thirst, dry, rough mucosa
  • Pulse is rapid, weak and thready
  • Low BP
  • Decreased urine output
  • Deep, rapid respirations
  • Sweet smelling breath
  • Lethargy
  • Decreased LOC
19
Q

Signs and Symptoms of DKA related to dehydration

A
  • Thirst, dry, rough mucosa
  • Pulse is rapid, weak and thready
  • Low BP
  • Decreased urine output
  • Deep, rapid respirations
  • Sweet smelling breath
  • Lethargy
  • Decreased LOC
20
Q

Signs and Symptoms of DKA related to imbalances of sodium, potassium, and chloride

A
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Lethargy, weakness
  • If potassium levels are affected- CNS depression, coma
21
Q

Treatment of DKA

A
  • Administration of insulin
  • Replacement of fluid/electrolytes
  • Bicarbonate- reverse acidosis
22
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • Thyroid produces too much hormones
  • Causes increase in body functions: increase HR, sweating, feeling nervous, weight loss, shaky hands, bulging eyes, hair loss, nausea, vomiting, increased appetite
23
Q

Hypothyroidism

A
  • Thyroid does not produce enough hormones
  • S & S: cold intolerance, constipation, muscle or joint pain, brittle nails, slow heart rate
24
Q

Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)

A
  • Caused by atrophy or destruction of glands (don’t make enough cortisol and aldosterone)
  • Leads to the deficiency of all steroid hormones
  • Frequently exhibit hyperpigmentation of the skin
25
Q

Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency

A
  • Relatively common condition
  • Lack of adrenocorticotropic secretion from the pituitary gland
26
Q

Phenochromocytoma

A
  • Benign tumour of the adrenal medulla that secretes too much EPI
  • Signs and symptoms include headache, sweating, heart palpitations, anxiety
27
Q

Adrenal Cortex- Cushing’s syndrome

A
  • Excessive amount of corticosteroids released (cortisol and hydrocortisone)
  • They are responsible for stress so it can cause a lot of issues
    Signs and Symptoms include:
  • Moon face, cardiac hypertrophy, obesity, poor wound healing, hypertension, osteoporosis, muscle wasting,