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ANAPHY (LEC) > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

is composed of endocrine glands and specialized
endocrine cells located throughout the body

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

Endocrine glands and cells secrete very small amounts of chemical messengers called __________ into the extracellular fluid.

A

hormones (HOR-mohns; to excite)

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3
Q

The hormones diffuse into the ________ to be transported to their target.

A

blood

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4
Q

Hormones circulate through the ___________ to specific sites called ___________. At their target tissues, hormones stimulate a specific response.

A

bloodstream, target tissues or effectors

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5
Q

Thus, the term endocrine (EN-doh-krin) —derived from the Greek words _______, meaning “within,” and _________, “to secrete”—appropriately describes this system.

A

endo, krino

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6
Q

have ducts that carry their secretions to the outside of the body, or
into a hollow organ, such as the stomach or intestines. Examples of these secretions are saliva, sweat, breast milk, and digestive enzymes.

A

Exocrine glands

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7
Q

___________ allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities.

A

Chemical messengers

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8
Q

a gland is an organ consisting of __________ cells that specialize in secretion, which is the controlled release of chemicals from a cell.

A

epithelial

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9
Q

___________ chemical messenger stimulates the cell that originally secreted it.

A

Autocrine chemical messengers

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10
Q

_______ chemical messengers act locally on neighboring cells. These chemical messengers are secreted by one cell type into the extracellular fluid and affect surrounding cells.

A

Paracrine chemical messengers

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11
Q

chemical messengers secreted by neurons that activate an adjacent cell, whether it is another neuron, a muscle cell, or a glandular cell.

A

Neurotransmitters

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12
Q

chemical messengers are secreted into the bloodstream by certain glands and cells, which together constitute the endocrine system. These chemical messengers travel through the blood to their target cells.

A

Endocrine chemical messengers

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13
Q

Controls the rate of nutrient utilization and energy
production.

A

Regulation of metabolism

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14
Q

Regulates the level of satiation (fullness) and the breakdown of food into individual nutrients.

A

Control of food intake and digestion

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15
Q

Influences the development of tissues, such as those of the nervous system.

A

Modulation of tissue development

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16
Q

Helps monitor blood pH, as well as Na+, K+, and Ca2+ concentrations in the blood.

A

Regulation of ion levels

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17
Q

Regulates water balance by controlling the solute concentration of the blood as well as controlling membrane permeability.

A

Control of water balance

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18
Q

Helps regulate the heart rate and blood pressure and prepare the body for physical activity.

A

Regulation of cardiovascular functions

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19
Q

Regulates the levels of glucose and other nutrients in the blood.

A

Control of blood glucose and other nutrients

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20
Q

Controls the development and functions of the reproductive systems in males and females.

A

Control of reproductive functions

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21
Q

Regulates uterine contractions during delivery and stimulates milk release from the breasts in lactating females.

A

Stimulation of uterine contractions and milk release

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22
Q

Helps control the production of immune cells.

A

Modulation of immune system function

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23
Q

The word hormone is derived from the Greek word ________, which means to “set into motion.” Hormones are very powerful molecules.

A

hormon

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24
Q

_____________ hormones are nonpolar, small size and low solubility in aqueous fluids, and include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and fatty acid derivative hormones, such as certain eicosanoids.

A

Lipid-soluble

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25
Q

There are at least three mechanisms that could potentially result in
the removal of unprotected lipid-soluble hormones from the body:

A

(1) breakdown by enzymes in the liver or enzymes in the lungs, (2) excretion into urine by the kidneys, and (3) breakdown by enzymes in the bloodstream

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26
Q

lipid-soluble hormones travel in the bloodstream bound to ___________

A

binding proteins

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27
Q

___________ are polar molecules; they include protein hormones, peptide hormones, and most amino acid derivative hormones.

A

Water-soluble hormones

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28
Q

can dissolve in blood, many circulate as free hormones, meaning that most of them dissolve directly into the blood and are delivered to their target tissue without attaching to a binding protein

A

water-soluble hormones

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29
Q

Molecules and ions in the bloodstream can directly stimulate the release of
some hormones. The cells that secrete these hormones have receptors for certain substances in the blood. Hormones sensitive to blood levels of certain molecules.

A

Humoral Stimuli

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30
Q

Hormone secretion in direct response to neurons

A

Neural Stimuli

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31
Q

Some neurons secrete chemical messengers directly into the blood when
they are stimulated, making these chemical messengers hormones, which are called _______________. It stimulate hormone secretion from other endocrine cells and are called releasing hormones, a term
usually reserved for hormones from the hypothalamus.

A

neuropeptides

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32
Q

It occurs when a hormone is secreted that, in turn, stimulates the secretion of other hormones.

A

hormonal stimuli

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33
Q

The most common examples are hormones from the anterior pituitary gland, called __________ hormones. These are hormones that
stimulate the secretion of another hormone.

A

tropic (TROH-pik)

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34
Q

Most hormones are regulated by a _________, whereby the hormone’s secretion is inhibited by the hormone itself once blood levels have reached a certain point and there is adequate hormone to activate the target cell.

A

negative-feedback mechanism

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35
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to _______ receptors

A

nuclear

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36
Q

Water-soluble hormones bind to ___________ receptors

A

membrane-bound

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37
Q

The endocrine system consists of __________ glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid

A

ductless

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38
Q

hypophysis; small gland about the size of a pea

A

pituitary (pi-TOO-i-tair-ree) gland

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39
Q

serves as a control center for the autonomic nervous system
as well as the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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40
Q

The pituitary gland lies posterior to the optic chiasm and is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the ____________.

A

infundibulum (N-fun-DIB-you-lum; a funnel)

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41
Q

is made up of epithelial cells derived from the embryonic oral cavity

A

anterior pituitary

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41
Q

is made up of epithelial cells derived from the embryonic oral cavity

A

anterior pituitary

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42
Q

is an extension of the brain and is composed of neurons

A

posterior pituitary

43
Q

Increases gene expression,
breakdown of
lipids, and
release of fatty
acids from cells;
increases blood
glucose levels

A

Growth hormone (Anterior) - most tissues

44
Q

Increases thyroid
hormone
secretion
(thyroxine and
triiodothyronine)

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Thyroid gland

45
Q

Increases secretion
of glucocorticoid
hormones,
such as cortisol;
increases skin
pigmentation at
high
concentrations

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) - Adrenal cortex

46
Q

Increases melanin
production in
melanocytes to
make skin
darker in color

A

Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH) - Melanocytes in skin

47
Q

Promotes ovulation
and
progesterone
production in
ovary;
promotes
testosterone
synthesis and
support for
sperm cell
production in
testis

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) or
interstitial cell–stimulating
hormone (ICSH) - Ovary in females,
testis in males

48
Q

Promotes follicle
maturation and
estrogen
secretion in
ovary;
promotes
sperm cell
production in
testis

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) - Follicles in ovary
in females,
seminiferous
tubules in
males

49
Q

Stimulates milk
production and
prolongs
progesterone
secretion
following
ovulation and
during
pregnancy in
women;
increases
sensitivity to LH
in males

A

Prolactin - Ovary and
mammary
gland in
females,
testis in
males

50
Q

Conserves water;
constricts blood
vessels

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Kidney

51
Q

Increases uterine
contractions
Increases milk
letdown from
mammary
glands

A

Oxytocin - Uterus
Mammary gland

52
Q

Increase metabolic
rates, essential
for normal
process of
growth and
maturation

A

Thyroid hormones (thyroxine,
triiodothyronine) - Most cells of the
body

53
Q

Decreases rate of
bone
breakdown;
prevents large
increase in
blood Ca2+
levels following
a meal

A

Calcitonin

54
Q

Increases rate of
bone
breakdown by
osteoclasts;
increases
vitamin D
synthesis,
essential for
maintenance of
normal blood
calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone

55
Q

Increases cardiac
output;
increases blood
flow to skeletal
muscles and
heart; increases
release of
glucose and
fatty acids into
blood; in
general,
prepares body
for physical
activity

A

Epinephrine mostly, some
norepinephrine

56
Q

Increase lipid and
protein
breakdown;
increase
glucose
synthesis from
amino acids;
increase blood
nutrient levels;
inhibit
inflammation
and immune
response

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

57
Q

Insignificant in
males; increase
female sexual
drive, growth of
pubic and
axillary hair

A

Adrenal androgens

58
Q

Increases uptake
and use of
glucose and
amino acids

A

Insulin

59
Q

Increases
breakdown of
glycogen and
release of
glucose into the
circulatory
system

A

Glucagon

60
Q

Aids in sperm cell
production,
maintenance of
functional
reproductive
organs,
secondary sex
characteristics,
sexual behavior

A

Testosterone

61
Q

Aid in uterine and
mammary
gland
development
and function,
external
genitalia
structure,
secondary sex
characteristics,
sexual
behavior,
menstrual cycle

A

Estrogens, progesterone

62
Q

Mediate
inflammatory
responses;
increase uterine
contractions
and ovulation

A

Prostaglandins

63
Q

Promotes immune
system
development
and function

A

Thymosin

64
Q

Inhibits secretion of
gonadotropinreleasing
hormone,
thereby
inhibiting
reproduction

A

Melatonin

65
Q

The anterior pituitary gland synthesizes hormones, whose secretion is under the control of the ___________.

A

hypothalamus

66
Q

stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other
organs by increasing gene expression. It also slows protein breakdown during periods of food deprivation and favors lipid breakdown.

A

Growth hormone (GH)

67
Q

binds to membrane-bound receptors
on cells of the thyroid gland and stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone. TSH can also stimulate growth of the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

68
Q

binds to membrane-bound receptors on cells of the adrenal cortex.
ACTH increases the secretion of a hormone from the adrenal cortex called
cortisol (KOR-tih-sol), also called hydrocortisone.

A

Adrenocorticotropic (ah-DREE-noh-KOR-tih-koh-TROH-pik) hormone
(ACTH)

69
Q

bind to membrane-bound
receptors on the cells of the gonads (ovaries and testes). The gonadotropins regulate the growth, development, and functions of the gonads.

A

Gonadotropins

70
Q

stimulates ovulation. LH also promotes the secretion of the reproductive
hormones, estrogen and progesterone, from the ovaries.

A

luteinizing (LOO-tee-in-eye-zing) hormone
(LH)

71
Q

stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries and sperm cells in the testes.

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

72
Q

binds to membrane-bound receptors in cells of the breast, where it helps promote development of the breast during pregnancy and stimulates the production of milk following pregnancy.

A

Prolactin

73
Q

binds to membrane-bound receptors on melanocytes and causes them to synthesize melanin.

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

74
Q

binds to membrane-bound receptors and increases water
reabsorption by kidney tubules. This results in less water lost as urine.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

75
Q

binds to membrane-bound receptors
and causes contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the uterus as well as
milk letdown from the breasts in lactating women.

A

Oxytocin

76
Q

synthesizes and secretes
three hormones: (1) triiodothyronine (T3), (2) thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine;
T4), and (3) calcitonin.

A

thyroid (THIGH-royd; shield-shaped) gland

77
Q

The ____________ gland is one of the largest endocrine glands

A

thyroid

78
Q

The thyroid gland contains numerous ____________, which are small
spheres with walls composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.

A

thyroid follicles

79
Q

is made up of two lobes connected by a narrow band called ________.

A

isthmus

80
Q

Excess TSH causes the thyroid gland to enlarge, a condition called _________.

A

goiter

81
Q

A lack of thyroid hormones is called _____________________.

A

hypothyroidism

82
Q

An elevated rate of thyroid hormone secretion, known as ________________

A

hyperthyroidism

83
Q

The thyroid gland requires _________ to synthesize thyroid hormones. It is taken up by the thyroid follicles.

A

iodine

84
Q

is secreted if the blood concentration of Ca2+ becomes too high, and it causes Ca2+ levels to decrease to their normal range.

A

Calcitonin

85
Q

Four tiny _______________ glands are embedded in the posterior wall of the thyroid gland.

A

parathyroid glands

86
Q

Secrete a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is essential for the regulation of blood calcium levels.

A

parathyroid glands

87
Q

are two small glands located superior to each kidney.

A

ADRENAL GLANDS

88
Q

Each adrenal gland has an inner part, called the _____________ (marrow, or middle), and an outer part, called the ___________ (bark, or outer).

A

adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex

89
Q

The principal hormone released from the adrenal medulla is _______________

A

epinephrine

90
Q

adrenal medulla releases ___________ and _____________ in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system.

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

91
Q

Aldosterone the major hormone of this class

A

Adrenal Cortex

92
Q

causes Na+ and water to be retained in the body and increases the rate at which K+ is eliminated.

A

Aldosterone

93
Q

helps regulate blood nutrient levels (cortisol)

A

Glucocorticoids

94
Q

stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.

A

Androgens

95
Q

consists of pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), which are dispersed throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

A

Pancreas

96
Q

The islets secretes three hormones:

A

insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

97
Q

The hormones produced by these organs play important roles in the development of sexual characteristics.

A

TESTIS AND OVARIES

98
Q

The main sex hormone in the male

A

testosterone

99
Q

main sex hormones in the female are

A

estrogen and progesterone.
menstrual cycle (LH and FSH)

100
Q

secretes a hormone called thymosin, which aids the development of white blood cells called T cells.

A

THYMUS

101
Q

is a small, pinecone-shaped structure located superior and posterior to the thalamus of the brain.

A

PINEAL GLAND

102
Q

The pineal gland secretes ________, which may help regulate the onset of puberty by acting on the hypothalamus.

A

melatonin

103
Q

The ____________ are hormones that have a local effect, produce numerous effects on the body, and play a role in inflammation.

A

prostaglandins

104
Q

____________ from the kidney stimulates red blood cell production.

A

Erythropoietin

105
Q

The placenta secretes __________________________, __________ , and __________, which are essential to the maintenance of pregnancy.

A

human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone

ANAPHY (LEC) (3 decks)

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