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anaphy (lec) > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Has its own quality control and waste disposal
methods

A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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2
Q
  1. Ingestion of food.
  2. Digestion of food.
  3. Elimination of wastes.
  4. Absorption of nutrients.
A

FUNCTIONS

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3
Q

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

A

Digestive Tract / Gastrointestinal Tract

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4
Q
  • Innermost tunic
  • Consists of mucous epithelium, lamina propria
    (loose CT), muscularis mucosae (thins SM layer)
  • Mouth, esophagus, anus; resists abrasion
  • Stomach, intestine; absorbs and secrets
A

Mucosa

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5
Q

Thick layer of loose CT, consists of nerves, blood vessels, small glands

A

Submucosa

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6
Q

extensive network of nerve cell processes (innervated by the autonomic nerves)

A

Plexus

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7
Q

Consists of circular SM (inner), longitudinal SM (outer)

A

Muscularis

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8
Q

composed of the nerve plexuses of the submucosa and
muscularis; controls movement and secretion
within the tract

A

Enteric nervous system

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9
Q
  • Outermost layer
  • Consists of the peritoneum (smooth epithelial
    layer + underlying CT)
A

Serosa

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10
Q

connective tissue; regions of the DT not covered by the peritoneum

A

Adventitia

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11
Q

serous membrane that covers the organs

A

Visceral Peritoneum / Serosa

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12
Q

serous membrance that covers the wall of the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal Peritoneum

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13
Q

CT sheets that hold the abdominal cavity organs in place

A

Mesenteries

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14
Q

connects the lesser curvature of the stomack to the liver and diaphragm

A

Lesser omentum

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15
Q

connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
and posterior body wall

A

Greater omentum

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16
Q

a long, double fold of mesentery that extends inferiorly from
the stomach before looping back to the transverse colon to create a
cavity/pocket

A

Omental bursa

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17
Q

attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesentery proper

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18
Q

abdominal organs that have no mesenteries; duodenum, pancreas, ascending + descending colon, rectum, kidneys, adrenal glands,
urinary bladder

A

Retroperitoneal

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19
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Bounded by the lips and cheeks ++ contains the
teeth and tongue

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20
Q

muscular structures formed by the orbicularis oris muscle

A

Lips

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21
Q

buccinators muscles flatten the cheeks against teeth

A

Cheeks

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22
Q

begins the process of mechanical digestion

A

Mastification

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23
Q

plays a major role in the process of swallowing; major sensory organ for taste; one of the major organs of speech

A

Tongue

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24
Q

thin fold of tissue inferior to the tongue

A

Frenulum

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25
Q
  • 32 teeth in normal adult mouth
  • Located in the mandible and maxillae
A

Teeth

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26
Q
  1. Incisor – to cut
  2. Canine – to tear
  3. Premolars
  4. Molars
  5. Wisdom teeth – third molars
A

Types of teeth

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27
Q

secondary teeth

A

Permanent teeth

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28
Q

deciduous teeth; milk or baby teeth

A

Primary teeth

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29
Q

Parts

A

a. Crown
b. Cusps
c. Neck
d. Root

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30
Q

center of the tooth; contains blood vessels nerves, and pulp (connective tissue)

A

Pulp cavity

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31
Q

bonelike tissue that surrounds the pulp cavity

A

Dentin

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32
Q

extremely hard, acellular substance that covers the dentin of the tooth drown

A

Enamel

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33
Q

covers the surface of the dentin in the root; anchors the tooth in the jaw

A

Cementum

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34
Q

where the teeth are rooted

A

Alveoli

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35
Q

dense fibrous CT and most stratified
squamous epithelium that covers the alveolar processes

A

Gingiva

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36
Q

CT fibers that extend from the alveolar walls that hold the teeth in place

A

Periodontal ligaments

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37
Q

roof of the oral cavity; prevents food from passing into the nasal cavity during chewing and swallowing

A

Palate

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38
Q

anterior part that contains bone

A

Hard palate

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39
Q

posterior portion that consists of
skeletal muscle CT

A

Soft palate

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40
Q

grape-like; posterior extension of the soft palate

A

Uvula

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41
Q

protect against pathogens from entering the nose and mouth

A

Tonsils

42
Q

Produce saliva (serous + mucous fluids)

A

Salivary Glands

43
Q
  • Helps keep the oral cavity moist
  • Contains enzymes that begin the process of
    digestion
A

Saliva

44
Q

a digestive enzyme that breaks the
covalent bonds bet. glucose molecules (starch) and other
polysaccharides; enhances the sweet taste of food

A

Salivary amylase

45
Q

enzyme that has weak antibacterial action

A

Lysozyme

46
Q
  • Breaks large food particles into many small ones
  • Increases the efficiency of digestion
A

Mastification

47
Q
  • Throat
  • Connects the mouth with the esophagus
  • Oropharynx + laryngopharynx – transmit food
  • Contains pharyngeal constrictor muscles
A

Pharynx

48
Q
  • Muscular tube that ransports food from the
    pharynx to the stomach
  • Esophageal sphincters – regulate the movement
    of food into and out of the esophagus
  • Cardiac sphincter – lower ES
A

Esophagus

49
Q

regulate the movement of food into and out of the esophagus

A

Esophageal sphincters

50
Q
  • Bolus (mass of food) us formed in the mouth
  • Bolus is pushed by the tongue forcing in into the
    oropharynx
A

Voluntary Phase

51
Q

A reflex initiated when a bolus of food stimulates receptors in the oropharynx

A

Pharyngeal Phase

52
Q

tipped posteriorly to cover the larynx

A

Epiglottis

53
Q

Responsible for moving food form the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophageal Phase

54
Q

muscular contractions of the esophagus

A

Peristaltic waves

55
Q

Functions primarily as a storage and mixing chamber for ingested food

A

STOMACH

56
Q

opening from the esophagus in the stomach

A

Gastroesophageal opening

57
Q

most superior part of the stomach

A

Fundus

58
Q

largest part of the stomach
- Greater curvature
- Lesser curvature

A

Body

59
Q

inner surface of stomach & lining the gastric pits; coats and protects the
stomach lining

A

Surface mucous cells

60
Q

produce mucus

A

Mucous neck cells

61
Q

produce hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

62
Q

produce regulatory chemicals

A

Endocrine cells

63
Q

produce pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

64
Q

semifluid mixture (food + stomach secretions)

A

Chyme

65
Q

kills microorganisms and activates pepsin

A

Hydrochloric acid

66
Q

breaks covalent bond of proteins to form smaller peptide chains.

A

Pepsin

67
Q

lubricates and protects epithelial cells from the damaging effect of acidic chime + pepsin

A

Mucus

68
Q

binds with vit. B12 (DNA synthesis and RBC prod.) and makes it more
readily absorbed in the small intestine

A

Intrinsic factor

69
Q

thoroughly mix ingested food with stomach secretions to form chime

A

Mixing waves

70
Q

force the chime toward and through the pyloric sphincter

A

Peristaltic waves

71
Q
  • The major site of digestion and absorption of food
  • Major function is the absorption of nutrients
A

SMALL INTESTINE

72
Q

Duodenum

A

12 in. long

73
Q

Jejunum

A

2.5 m long; makes up 2/5

74
Q

Ileum

A

– 3.5 m long; makes up 3/5

75
Q

formed by mucosa and
submucosa that run perpendicular to the long
axis of the digestive tract

A

Circular folds

76
Q

formed by tiny, fingerlike projections of
the mucosa

A

Villi

77
Q

numerous cytoplasmic extensions
on the surface of the villi

A

Microvilli

78
Q

break peptide bonds in proteins to form amino acids

A

Peptidases

79
Q

break down disaccharides
(maltose) into monosaccharides (glucose)

A

Disaccharidases

80
Q

dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid; dramatically
increases the efficiency of fat digestion and absorption;
stimulated by secretin

A

Bile

81
Q

bile pigment that results from the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

Bilirubin

82
Q

Proximal end of the large intestine

A

Cecum

83
Q

9 cm tube attached to the cecum

A

Appendix

84
Q
  1. Ascending colon
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Descending colon
  4. Sigmoid colon
A

Colon

85
Q

Straight, muscular tube that begins at the
termination of sigmoid colon & ends at the anal
canal

A

Rectum

86
Q

Begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends
at the anus (external digestive tract opening)

A

Anal Canal

87
Q

smooth muscle layer at superior end

A

Internal anal sphincter

88
Q

skeletal muscle at inferior end

A

External anal sphincter

89
Q

converted chyme

A

Feces

90
Q

elimination of feces from the colon

A

Defecation

91
Q

strong contractions in the large parts
of the colon; propel the colon contents a considerable
distance towards the anus

A

Mass movements

92
Q

breakdown of food to molecules tha are
small enough to be absorbed into the circulation

A

Digestion

93
Q

breaks large good particles into smaller ones

A

Mechanical digestion

94
Q

breaking of covalent chemical bonds in organic molecules by
digestive enzymes

A

Chemical digestion

95
Q

begin in stomach; lipid-soluble molecules
diffuse through the stomach epithelium into the
circulation

A

Absorption

96
Q

Consist primarily of starches, cellulose, sucrose
(table sugar), small amounts of fructose (fruit
sugar), and lactose (milk sugar)

A

Carbohydrates

97
Q

large carbohydrates that consist of many sugars linked by chemical bonds

A

Polysaccharides

98
Q

begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase

99
Q

Molecules which are insoluble or slightly soluble in water

A

Lipids

100
Q

Chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

101
Q

enzyme secreted by stomach that breaks down proteins

A

Pepsin

102
Q

shorter amino acid chains

A

Polypeptides

anaphy (lec) (3 decks)

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