Endocrine system

Question 1

Does the pancreas have endocrine function or exocrine function

Answer 1

Both.

Question 2

what does the exocrine function of. a pancreas do?

Answer 2

secretes digestive enzymes such as lipase and amylase to digest food

Question 3

What does the endocrine function of a pancreas do?

Answer 3

it secretes hormones such as insulin and glucagon into the blood stream.

Question 4

What does insulin do?

Answer 4

It lowers the blood sugar

Question 5

what does glucagon do?

Answer 5

It raises the blood sugar.

Question 6

What happens In the event of ineffective glucose utilisation
?

Answer 6

Increase in glucose production
Decrease in glucose utilisation

produce too much to be used

Question 7

List the Complications of diabetes

Answer 7

Risk for stroke
retinopathy
Cardiovascular disease, HTN,
microvascular damage
Nephropathy
Erectile dysfunction
Delayed healing
high lipids and high glucose
foot damage

Question 8

Explain type 1 diabetes

Answer 8

Type 1 diabetes patients have damaged beta cells in their pancreas and cannot secrete insulin - need insulin replacement.

cannot be treated with oral anti diabetic medications.

Question 8

Explain type 1 diabetes

Answer 8

Type 1 diabetes patients have damaged beta cells in their pancreas and cannot secrete insulin - need insulin replacement.

cannot be treated with oral anti diabetic medications.

Question 9

where is glucose stored?

Answer 9

liver

Question 10

where is glucose absorbed in?

Answer 10

skeletal muscle

Question 11

Explain type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

type 2 diabetes are insulin resistant. they may be able to make insulin but cannot use it effectively to get the glucose into the cell to be used as energy.

It can be treated with oral antidiabetics and may progress to the need for insulin replacement

Question 12

Please explain the causes of diabetes

Answer 12

type 1 A: immune mediated beta cells destruction

type 1B: idiopathic, non immune mediated

Acquired: diffuse damage to beta cells with subsequent insulin deficiency
- can occur from infections or drugs that affect the pancreas

impaired action of insulin secondary to insulin resistance

Question 13

List the classic hyperglycaemic symptoms

Answer 13

Polyuria- excessive urination
Polyphagia- excessive hunger
Polydipsia- excessive thirst.

Question 14

what if there is no hyperglycaemic symptoms but the result is high?

Answer 14

repeat test.

Question 15

Risk factors for diabetes

Answer 15

Impaired glucose metabolism
central obesity
HTN HLD

Question 15

Risk factors for diabetes

Answer 15

Impaired glucose metabolism
central obesity
HTN HLD

Question 16

What is ketosis?

Answer 16

a normal metabolic state, burn fat as energy.

1-6mmol/L ketones in blood.

Question 17

What is ketoacidoses

Answer 17

a dangerous metabolic state, 15-30mmol/L ketones in blood. affects clients with type 1 diabetes

Question 18

what is the normal pH level

Answer 18

7.35-7.45

Question 19

what are ketones

Answer 19

they are a by product of fat metabolism. they are acidic.

excessive ketones= ketoacidosis and dehydration, imbalance in electrolytes

Question 20

what happens when a type 1 diabetes patient undergo ketosis?

Answer 20

Fat is not the best choice of primary energy source for patients with tip 1 diabetes.
without insulin to move glucose into the cells, the body turns to fat stores for the energy.

ketones are then produced as a by product.

Question 21

similarities between DKA and HHNK

Answer 21

1) Both occur in clients with diabetes
2. Life-threatening/medical emergencies, elevated blood glucose
3. Increased serum plasma osmolarity (normal: 275 295 mOsm/L)
4. Extreme osmotic diuresis and dehydration

Question 22

Symptoms of DKA

Answer 22

1) abdmoninal pain, nausea
2) lethargy
3) kussmaul’s breathing- body is trying to blow off more carbon dioxide to raise the body’s pH
4) fruity breath
5) polyuria, polydipsia
6) hyperkalemia