Endocrine System Flashcards
adren/o (adren/o/megaly)
adrenal glands
adrenal/o (adrenal/ectomy)
adrenal glands
calc/o (hyper/calc/emia)
calcium
crin/o (endo/crin/o/logy)
secrete
gluc/o (gluc/o/genesis)
sugar, sweetness
glyc/o (hypo/glyc/emia)
sugar, sweetness
glycos/o (glycos/uria)
sugar, sweetness
home/o (home/o/stasis)
same, alike
kal/i (kal/emia)
potassium
precreat/o (pancreat/o/tomy)
pancreas
parathyroid/o (parathyroid/ectomy)
parathyroid glands
thym/o (thym/oma)
thymus gland
thyr/o (thyr/o/megaly)
thyroid gland
thyroid/o (hyper/thyroid/ism)
thyroid gland
toxic/o (toxic/o/logist)
poison
-crine (endo/crine)
secrete
-dipsia (poly/dipsia)
thirst
-gen (andr/o/gen)
forming, producing, origin
-toxic (thyr/o/toxic)
pertaining to poison
-uria (glycos/uria)
urine
eu- (eu/thyr/oid)
good
exo- (exo/crine)
outside
poly (poly/uria)
many
diabetes insipidus (DI)
Disorder characterized by excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive urination (Polyuria) due to inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
diuresis
Increased formation and secretion of urine
“Diuresis commonly occurs in diabetes mellitus. Alcohol and coffee are common diuretics that increase formation and secretion of urine.”
gestational diabetes
Diabetes that develops during pregnancy (gestation)
“In gestational diabetes, blood glucose level usually returns to normal soon after delivery. However, it places the woman at risk for type 2 diabetes.”
growth hormone (GH) disorders
Pituitary gland disorder that generally involves a hypersecretion or hyposecretion of GH and commonly results from a pituitary tumor.
Hypersecretion of GH in adults, resulting in enlargement of bones in the extremities and head.
“Treatment for acromegaly includes radiation, pharmacological agents, or surgery to remove a portion of the pituitary gland.”
“dwarfism”
Hyposecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in extreme shortness in stature (final height of only 3’ to 4’) but normal body proportions.
“Treatment for dwarfism includes administration of GH during childhood, before skeletal growth is complete.”
“giantism”
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood, resulting in abnormal increase in the length of long bones and extreme height (up to 8′ tall) but with body proportions remaining about normal
““Removal of the pituitary tumor using radiation, surgery, or medications may lower GH hormone levels and control abnormal growth.”
hirsutism
Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women
“Common causes of hirsutism include abnormalities of androgen production, medications, and tumors.”
hypercalcemia
Condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal
“The main cause of hypercalcemia is overactivity in one or more parathyroid glands. Other causes include cancer, medications, and excessive use of calcium and vitamin D supplements.”
hyperkalemia
Condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal
“Potassium is a critical electrolyte in the proper functioning of nerve and muscle cells, including the heart. Severe hyperkalemia requires immediate treatment because it can lead to cardiac arrest and death.”
hypervolemia
Abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body
“Hypervolemia commonly results from retention of large amounts of sodium and water by the kidneys.”
“hyponatremia”
Lower-than-normal level of sodium in the blood
“Hyponatremia is commonly caused by drinking too much water when exercising (especially in the heat), thereby diluting the amount of sodium in the blood.”
insulinoma
Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, causing the excessive production of insulin and leading to hypoglycemia; also called pancreatic tumor
neurofibromatosis (NF)
Genetic disorder with multiple benign fibrous tumors that grow anywhere in the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
Most tumors are benign but some may become cancerous.
obesity
Abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more of an individual’s ideal body weight
“Obesity is associated with increased risk of illness, disability, and death. The branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of obesity is known as bariatrics and has become a separate medical and surgical specialty.”
panhypopituitarism
Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
“Panhypopituitarism can lead to symptoms associated primarily with insufficiency of gonadotropins, growth hormones, and thyroid hormones.”
“thyroid storm”
Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis
“Thyroid storm is a medical emergency and, if left untreated, may be fatal.”
virilism
masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman
exophthalmometry
Measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves disease
exophthalmometry
Measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves disease
A1c test
Blood test used to diagnose and manage type 1 and type 2 diabetes; also called glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, and HbA1c.
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken at regular intervals following the dose to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood
insulin tolerance test (ITT)
Diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein, causing severe hypoglycemia to assess growth hormone (GH) and cortisol reserve
“thyroid function test (TFT)”
Test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function
total calcium test
Test that measures blood calcium levels to detect bone and parathyroid disorders, malabsorption, or an overactive thyroid
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) and scan
Nuclear imaging procedure that combines a thyroid scan with an RAIU procedure to evaluate the structure and physiological functioning of the thyroid gland
parathyroidectomy
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism
thyroidectomy
Excision of the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), a part of it (subtotal thyroidectomy), or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy)
transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Endoscopic surgery to remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without disturbing brain tissue
insulin injection therapy
Lifelong therapy using a fine needle and syringe to inject insulin for controlling type 1 diabetes
insulin pump therapy
Treatment for type 1 diabetes that uses a device that continuously delivers insulin through a catheter placed under the skin
