endocrine system Flashcards
acromegly
disorder of the pituitary gland and growth hormone in adulthood, resulting in overgrowth of only extremities (feet, hands, brow bone, jaw) due to already fused growth plates in long bones
enlarged heart
usually due to tumour
mortality rate 2-3x higher
adrenal medulla
inside of the adrenal medulla which regulates short term stress responses (fight or flight)
adrenal cortex
outside of the adrenal cortex which regulates long term responses
alpha cells
cells of the pancreas that secrete glucagon and increase blood sugar. regulated by negative feedback
beta cells
cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin and decrease blood sugar. regulated by negative feedback
circadian rhythm
24 hour sleep cycle that follows the seasons. melatonin at night to signal body for sleep
congenital hypothyroidism
under secretion of thyroid hormones in childhood
can cause stunted growth, neurological impairment, physical deformities
short and stocky
treated with thyroxine injections
corpus luteum
gland like structure that forms on the ovary after the egg leaves each month, which produces progesterone to prepare the body for pregnancy. goes away when no longer needed
dwarfism
disorder of the pituitary gland where not enough growth hormone is produced before 25. (hyposecretion of GH) AKA proportional dwarfism.
normal functions
can be treated by GH injections
endocrine gland
glands which release their secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream for target tissues
ex: thyroid
exocrine gland
glands which release their secretions (other substances) into ducts for set destinations
ex. sweat
follicle
small sac of fluid, which ex. carry eggs in the ovaries
gigantism
rare pituitary gland disorder of over secretion of GH in childhood (tumour on pituitary)
grow tall proportionally
dangerous for heart
gland
an organ in the body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge
glycogen
short term storage of glucose in the liver and muscle cells.
stimulated by glucagon to release sugars
excess glucose not here becomes fat
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid as a symptom of graves disease, and a lack of iodine
hyperthyroidism
over production of the thyroid causing anxiety, irritability, weight loss, bulging eyes, goiters
autoimmune disease
hypothyroidism
under production of the thyroid causing weight gain, feeling always cold, hair loss, puffy face, fatigue
islets of langerhans
groups of pancreatic cells releasing insulin and glucagon which played a vital role in the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best
negative biofeedback
feedback cycle which maintains a product within a set range, where an overproduction of one hormone may inhibit the next, or vice versa
ex: insulin
positive biofeedback
the constant rise in a hormone reinforcing another one until there is a particular outcome and is usually sustained short term
ex. oxytocin in childbirth
protein-type hormone
water soluble amino acid based hormones which follow the 2 messenger model
receptors on surface of cell
cause cascade which amplifies response
steroid hormone
lipid soluble hormones made of cholesterol which follow the 1 messenger model
easily diffuse across membrane so receptors are inside cell
activates genes in nucleus
prostaglandins
“local hormones” which do not need to enter the bloodstream for transport because they affect locally to where they are made
may modify other hormones
target tissues
tissues which have receptors for a given hormone
the set destination of a hormone where its affects are greatest
ovulation
a process of the female reproductive system in the ovaries where the egg is released FSH stimulate the production of the egg (high estrogen before LH) LH stimulates the release corpus luteum is created progesterone and estrogen released
adrenaline
main hormone of adrenal medulla (85%)
short term stress response
prepares the body for fight or flight (like symp nervous system
increased heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, blood flow to heart/muscles
liver release glucose for glycogen
dilate pupils
decrease blood flow to extremities
noradrenaline
gland: adrenal gland
secondary hormone of adrenal medulla (15%)
short term stress response
prepares the body for fight or flight (like symp nervous system
increased heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, blood flow to heart/muscles
liver release glucose for glycogen
dilate pupils
decrease blood flow to extremities
estrogen
gland: ovaries
development of uterus/ovaries and female reproductive system (fetus development) , as well as secondary sex characteristics (breasts/hips)
also targets the brain and bone
helps regulate the menstrual cycle
progesterone
gland: ovaries
prepares for pregnancy
stimulates the lining of uterus for fertilization and breasts for milk
regulates menstrual cycle with estrogen
insulin
gland: pancreas
targets most body tissues
beta cells
reduces blood sugar by binding to receptors on target cells to allow cells to let in glucose
glucagon
gland: pancreas
targets skeletal muscle and liver cells
increases blood sugar by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood
parathormone
gland: parathyroid glands
targets bones, kidneys, and large intestine
important regulator of blood calcium levels
stimulates release of calcium from bones
reduces loss of calcium in urine and stimulates production of Vitamin D in kidneys
increases calcium absorption in large intestine
melatonin
gland: pineal gland targets brain regulates sleep directly affected by sunlight follows circadian rhythm affects mood
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
gland: pituitary
stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine
GH
growth hormone
gland: pituitary
targets most tissues
stimulates growth all over
active in childhood
LH
luteinizing hormone
gland: pituitary
targets reproductive organs (gonads)
female: controls ovulation and corpus luteum
male: secretion of testosterone
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
gland: pituitary
targets gonads
causes follicles to develop eggs
causes testis to develop sperm
prolactin
gland: ovaries
targets mammary glands (breasts) to initiate and maintain milk production
oxytocin
gland: posterior pituitary
targets uterus and mammary glands
stimulates contractions in childbirth
triggers milk to move to top of ducts in breast
testosterone
gland: testis
development of male reproductive system (fetus)
secondary sex characteristics (deep voice, body hair, male body, muscles)
inhibin
gland: testis
acts on the hypothalamus to control FSH
impacts sperm formation
thymus
in the chest, between breastbone and lungs
thyroxine
gland: thyroid
targets all body
controls metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
increase rate of cellular respiration
