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Bio 621 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

acromegly

A

disorder of the pituitary gland and growth hormone in adulthood, resulting in overgrowth of only extremities (feet, hands, brow bone, jaw) due to already fused growth plates in long bones
enlarged heart
usually due to tumour
mortality rate 2-3x higher

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2
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inside of the adrenal medulla which regulates short term stress responses (fight or flight)

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3
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outside of the adrenal cortex which regulates long term responses

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4
Q

alpha cells

A

cells of the pancreas that secrete glucagon and increase blood sugar. regulated by negative feedback

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5
Q

beta cells

A

cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin and decrease blood sugar. regulated by negative feedback

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6
Q

circadian rhythm

A

24 hour sleep cycle that follows the seasons. melatonin at night to signal body for sleep

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7
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

under secretion of thyroid hormones in childhood
can cause stunted growth, neurological impairment, physical deformities
short and stocky
treated with thyroxine injections

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8
Q

corpus luteum

A

gland like structure that forms on the ovary after the egg leaves each month, which produces progesterone to prepare the body for pregnancy. goes away when no longer needed

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9
Q

dwarfism

A

disorder of the pituitary gland where not enough growth hormone is produced before 25. (hyposecretion of GH) AKA proportional dwarfism.
normal functions
can be treated by GH injections

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10
Q

endocrine gland

A

glands which release their secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream for target tissues
ex: thyroid

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11
Q

exocrine gland

A

glands which release their secretions (other substances) into ducts for set destinations
ex. sweat

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12
Q

follicle

A

small sac of fluid, which ex. carry eggs in the ovaries

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13
Q

gigantism

A

rare pituitary gland disorder of over secretion of GH in childhood (tumour on pituitary)
grow tall proportionally
dangerous for heart

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14
Q

gland

A

an organ in the body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge

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15
Q

glycogen

A

short term storage of glucose in the liver and muscle cells.
stimulated by glucagon to release sugars
excess glucose not here becomes fat

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16
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid as a symptom of graves disease, and a lack of iodine

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17
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

over production of the thyroid causing anxiety, irritability, weight loss, bulging eyes, goiters
autoimmune disease

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18
Q

hypothyroidism

A

under production of the thyroid causing weight gain, feeling always cold, hair loss, puffy face, fatigue

19
Q

islets of langerhans

A

groups of pancreatic cells releasing insulin and glucagon which played a vital role in the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best

20
Q

negative biofeedback

A

feedback cycle which maintains a product within a set range, where an overproduction of one hormone may inhibit the next, or vice versa
ex: insulin

21
Q

positive biofeedback

A

the constant rise in a hormone reinforcing another one until there is a particular outcome and is usually sustained short term
ex. oxytocin in childbirth

22
Q

protein-type hormone

A

water soluble amino acid based hormones which follow the 2 messenger model
receptors on surface of cell
cause cascade which amplifies response

23
Q

steroid hormone

A

lipid soluble hormones made of cholesterol which follow the 1 messenger model
easily diffuse across membrane so receptors are inside cell
activates genes in nucleus

24
Q

prostaglandins

A

“local hormones” which do not need to enter the bloodstream for transport because they affect locally to where they are made
may modify other hormones

25
Q

target tissues

A

tissues which have receptors for a given hormone

the set destination of a hormone where its affects are greatest

26
Q

ovulation

A 
a process of the female reproductive system in the ovaries where the egg is released
FSH stimulate the production of the egg
(high estrogen before LH)
LH stimulates the release
corpus luteum is created
progesterone and estrogen released
27
Q

adrenaline

A

main hormone of adrenal medulla (85%)
short term stress response
prepares the body for fight or flight (like symp nervous system
increased heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, blood flow to heart/muscles
liver release glucose for glycogen
dilate pupils
decrease blood flow to extremities

28
Q

noradrenaline

A

gland: adrenal gland
secondary hormone of adrenal medulla (15%)
short term stress response
prepares the body for fight or flight (like symp nervous system
increased heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, blood flow to heart/muscles
liver release glucose for glycogen
dilate pupils
decrease blood flow to extremities

29
Q

estrogen

A

gland: ovaries
development of uterus/ovaries and female reproductive system (fetus development) , as well as secondary sex characteristics (breasts/hips)
also targets the brain and bone
helps regulate the menstrual cycle

30
Q

progesterone

A

gland: ovaries
prepares for pregnancy
stimulates the lining of uterus for fertilization and breasts for milk
regulates menstrual cycle with estrogen

31
Q

insulin

A

gland: pancreas
targets most body tissues
beta cells
reduces blood sugar by binding to receptors on target cells to allow cells to let in glucose

32
Q

glucagon

A

gland: pancreas
targets skeletal muscle and liver cells
increases blood sugar by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood

33
Q

parathormone

A

gland: parathyroid glands
targets bones, kidneys, and large intestine
important regulator of blood calcium levels
stimulates release of calcium from bones
reduces loss of calcium in urine and stimulates production of Vitamin D in kidneys
increases calcium absorption in large intestine

34
Q

melatonin

A 
gland: pineal gland
targets brain
regulates sleep 
directly affected by sunlight
follows circadian rhythm 
affects mood
35
Q

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

gland: pituitary

stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine

36
Q

GH

growth hormone

A

gland: pituitary
targets most tissues
stimulates growth all over
active in childhood

37
Q

LH

luteinizing hormone

A

gland: pituitary
targets reproductive organs (gonads)
female: controls ovulation and corpus luteum
male: secretion of testosterone

38
Q

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone

A

gland: pituitary
targets gonads
causes follicles to develop eggs
causes testis to develop sperm

39
Q

prolactin

A

gland: ovaries

targets mammary glands (breasts) to initiate and maintain milk production

40
Q

oxytocin

A

gland: posterior pituitary
targets uterus and mammary glands
stimulates contractions in childbirth
triggers milk to move to top of ducts in breast

41
Q

testosterone

A

gland: testis
development of male reproductive system (fetus)
secondary sex characteristics (deep voice, body hair, male body, muscles)

42
Q

inhibin

A

gland: testis
acts on the hypothalamus to control FSH
impacts sperm formation

43
Q

thymus

A

in the chest, between breastbone and lungs

44
Q

thyroxine

A

gland: thyroid
targets all body
controls metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
increase rate of cellular respiration

Bio 621 (4 decks)

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