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Year 12 Human Bio > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A
  • regulate body temp., water balance, heart rate, releases releasing and inhibiting factors
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2
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus release

A

Releasing & inhibiting factors, oxytocin and ADH

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3
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release

A

FSH, LH, growth, Adrenocorticotropin, thyroid stimulating , prolactin, parathyroid stimulating

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4
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland release

A

Melatonin

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5
Q

What hormones does the pancreas secrete

A

Insulin & glucagon

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6
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete

A

Cortisol, adrenaline, epinephrine, norepinephrine

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7
Q

What hormones does the thyroid produce

A

Thyroxine, calcitonin, triiodothyronine

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8
Q

What hormones does the parathyroid release

A

Parathyroid hormone

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9
Q

What hormone does the thymus make

A

Thymosin

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10
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete

A

Oestrogen & progesterone

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11
Q

What hormone does the testes secrete

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

Prolactin target tissue and effects

A

Mammary glands - milk production

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13
Q

Adrenocorticotropin target tissue and effect

A

Adrenal cortex, stimulate cortisol production

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14
Q

Growth hormone

A

Growth and protein synthesis in all cells

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15
Q

Gonadotrophins

A

Ovaries & testes, produce sperm and ova

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16
Q

Ocytocin

A

Uterus, mammary glands - uterine cintractions, lactation

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17
Q

ADH

A

Kidney tubules - water reabsorbtion

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18
Q

Melatonin

A

Various tissues - circadian rhythm, sleep

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19
Q

Thyroxine

A

Digestive system & muscle - metabolic rate

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20
Q

Calcitonin

A

Bone, decrease calcium levels

21
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

Digestive & muscle - metabolic rate

22
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Bones - increase calcium levels

23
Q

Epinephrine, adrenaline, norepinephrine, cortisol

A

Stress, fight or flight, autonomic response

24
Q

Insulin

A

Blood - decrease blood sugar

25
Q

Glucagon

A

Liver - increase blood sugar

26
Q

3 ways endocrine glands are prompted to release/not release hormones

A

-hormonal
- neural
- Humoral

27
Q

Whats hormonal stimuli

A

Promotes release of another hormone
Eg. Hypothalamus- pituitary

28
Q

Whats humoral stimuli

A

Changing in blood levels of certain ions and nutrients in turn stimulating hormone release
Eg. Parathyroid prompted by low calcium levels

29
Q

Neural Stimuli

A

Directly innervated glands
Eg. Adrenal medulla stimulated by action potential to release adrenaline and noradrenalin during stress

30
Q

What enables hormones to take action

A

Specific Protein receptors on target cell membranes/interior to which the hormone can attatch

31
Q

What do hormones effect

A

Cell membrane permiability or electrical state, synthesis of proteins, activation/inactivation of enzymes, stimulation of mitosis, promote secretory activity

32
Q

Things about steroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble, diffuse into cell, binds to receptor in cytoplasm, enters nucleus, promot biochemical action

33
Q

Steps of steroid hormone action

A

1 diffusion through cell membrane
2 enters cytoplasm
3 binds to specific receptor protein
4 hormone receptor complex binds to sites on DNA
5 transcription of mRNA
6 mRNA translated in cytoplasm - protein synthesis

34
Q

Things about peptide hormones

A

Water soluble, unable to enter target cells, bind to receptors on plasma membrane and utilise a second messenger system

35
Q

Steps for peptide hormone action

A

1 hormone binds to membrane receptor
2 activated receptor sets off a series of reactions - activating an enzyme
3 enzyme catalyses reactions that produce second messenger molecules (cAMP)
4 intracellular changes take place that promote the typical response of the target cell to the hormone

36
Q

Compare nervous system with endocrine

A

N - electrochemical message, high specificity of message, fast speed of response, some consious control, targeted response location

E - chemical message, less specific message, slow speed of response, involuntary response, widespread response location

37
Q

What hormone does the thymus produce

A

Thymosin

38
Q

What does Thymosin do

A

Maturation of T lymphocytes

39
Q

Effects of steroid hormones

A

Slow to take effect but lasts long

40
Q

Effects of protein hormones

A

Quick response but short lasting

41
Q

Characteristics of protein receptors

A

-specific (lock and key)
- only a certain amount on each cell - can lead to saturation

42
Q

How does the hypothalamus effect anterior and posterior pituitary glands

A

Anterior - blood vessels
Posterior - nerves (stores and releases hormones - oxytocin & ADH)

43
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone do?

A

Stimulates growth of follicles and production of sperm

44
Q

Luitenising hormone effects

A

Stimulates ovulation
Stimulates secretion of testosterone

45
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Secretion of thyroid hormones

46
Q

Prolactin

A

Milk production

47
Q

Examples of protein hormones

A

Insulin, glucagon, thyrocalcitonin, pituitary hormones, and hypothalamic hormones

48
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, aldosterone

Year 12 Human Bio (5 decks)

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