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Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

5 ways endocrine system maintains homeoststais

A

Altering metabolism, Regulating growth, Regulating production, Regulate circadian rhythms, Regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and galnds.

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2
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

Bind to a receptor on the cell membrane and affect intracellular enzymes. Destroyed by digestion, have to be injected.

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3
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

Diffuse into the cell through the cell membrane and bind to a nuclear receptor and activate genes. forms new proteins.

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4
Q

Define endocine glands

A

Release hormones into the interstitial which diffuse into cells in the blood. e.g. pituitary gland.

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5
Q

Define exocrine glands

A

Release enzymes and secretions into ducts. e.g. sweat glands

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6
Q

The organ with endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

Pancreas

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7
Q

How are hormones inactivated and excreted from the body?

A

Hormones that travel through the blood are inactivated by the liver and excreted in faeces or by the kidneys.

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8
Q

3 stimuli that trigger hormone secretion?

A
  1. Signals from the nervous system e.g Adrenaline
  2. The level of chemicals in the blood e.g. PTH
  3. Another hormone e.g. Thyroxine
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9
Q

Location of the pituitary gland?

A

Located in the brain where the hypothalamus controls it

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10
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Contains axon terminals of neurosecretory cells. Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormones made by the hypothalamus are stored and released from the posterior pituitary.

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Produces 6 hormones

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12
Q

What are the 6 hormones in the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Growth hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. Thyroid hormone
  4. Follicle-stimulating hormone
  5. Luteinizing hormone
  6. Prolactin
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13
Q 
Oxytocin hormone 
Stimulus for secretion- 
Target cell- 
Target organ- 
Function-
A
  1. Stimulation of the nipples
  2. Myoepithelial cells
  3. Breast and uterus
  4. Childbirth and lactation
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14
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone
Stimulus for serection-
Target cell-
Function-

A
  1. Low blood pressure, high plasma osmolality
  2. Neurosecretory cells
  3. Regulate the amount of water in the body
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15
Q

Growth hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Puberty
  2. Bone and skeletal muscle
  3. Body cells to enlarge and divide
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16
Q

Thyroid hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Low body temperature
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Increase metabolic rate
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17
Q

ACTH hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Physical stress
  2. Adrenal cortex
  3. Help body respond to stress
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18
Q

Follicle hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary.
  2. Testes/ovaries
  3. Control menstrual cycle
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19
Q

luteinizing hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Oestrogen and progesterone in the ovaries. Testosterone in testes.
  2. Testes and ovaries
  3. Control menstrual cycle
20
Q

Prolactin hormone
Stimulus for secretion-
Target organ-
Function-

A
  1. Breastfeeding
  2. Mammary gland
  3. Secretion of milk
21
Q

2 Growth hormone clinical application

A
  1. Hyposecretion - dwarfism (Growth years)

2. Hypersecretion- Giantism (Childhood)

22
Q

2 Thyroxine clinical application

A
  1. Hypothroyroidism- Slow heart rate, low body temperature, weight gain
  2. Hyperthyroidism- High temperature, weight loss, high heart rate
23
Q

What is the mineral needed to produce thyroxine?

A

Iodine

24
Q

Adrenal glands: Location, components, and function

A

Located on top of both kidneys, made up of adrenal cortex and medulla. Adrenal glands produce aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens.

25
Q

3 Effects/actions of cortisol- Maintains blood glucose and vasoconstriction

A
  1. Raise blood glucose
  2. Enhances sympathetic nervous system
  3. Anti-inflammatory
26
Q

Cortisol prescribed

A

Organ transplant patients

27
Q

What causes the release of adrenaline

A

Stressful situation

28
Q

Six effects/actions of adrenaline

A
  1. Increase rate of heart contraction
  2. Increased cardiac output
  3. Increase blood pressure
  4. Increase blood flow
  5. Dilate airways
  6. Increase blood glucose levels
29
Q

What is noradrenaline

A

Increase in blood pressure

30
Q

What are the two hormones that control blood calcium levels?

A
  1. Parathyroid hormone- Increase blood calcium levels

2. Calcitonin hormone- Decreases blood calcium levels

31
Q

Calcium in the body x3

A
  1. Bone health
  2. Muscle contraction
  3. Cardiovascular system
32
Q

3 actions of the parathyroid hormone

A
  1. Raise blood calcium
  2. Reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys
  3. Activates vitamin D
33
Q

Calcitonin actions

A
  1. Increase bone calcium content

2. Decrease blood calcium level

34
Q

What is calcitriol?

A

Active vitamin D

35
Q

2 Effects of calcitriol

A
  1. Increase calcium and phosphate absorption from the intestine
  2. Enhances the actions of parathyroid hormone which resorbs bone
36
Q

2 hormones the regulate blood glucose levels

A

Insulin and glucagon

37
Q

What is the cell that secretes insulin and glucagon?

A

Islet cells in the pancreas

38
Q

Insulin function and secretion

A

Function- Lowers blood glucose levels

Secretion- Blood glucose levels are high

39
Q

Glucagon function and secretion

A

Function- Raises blood glucose

secretion- Blood glucose levels are low

40
Q

3 ways blood glucose is raised

A
  1. Adrenaline
  2. Growth hormone
  3. Cortisol
41
Q

Melatonin location produced and function

A

Produced- From pineal gland
Location- in the brain
Function- Melatonin is a body’s natural body clock. The daily cycle of light and darkness

42
Q

What are the three stages of the stress response?

A
  1. Initial fight or flight response- Adrenaline hormone
  2. The resistance reaction- Cortisol, growth hormone, and thyroxine
  3. Exhaustion- Cortisol hormone
43
Q

What are the effects of prolonged cortisol?

A

wasting of muscle, suppression of the immune system, ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract and failure of the pancreatic beta cells

44
Q

2 Stress health implications

A
  1. Chronic disease

2. Dying prematurely

45
Q

2 age-related changes to the endocrine system

A
  1. Decreased production of growth hormone, thyroid hormone, cortisol, aldosterone, and oestrogen
  2. Increased production of parathyroid hormone

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