Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP4 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of exocrine glands.

A

eccrine & apocrine glands, sebaceous glands, lacrimal glands, digestive glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the main endocrine glands of the body.

A

hypophysis, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is IL-2 both a paracrine and autocrine hormone?

A

IL-2 is released by helper T cells and causes greater proliferation of helper T cells, and activation of T and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

NO is released by… and causes…

A

endothelial cells

vasodilation/relaxation of blood vessel smooth mm (global decrease in BP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 3 examples of water-soluble hormones?

A

amine hormones, peptide/protein hormones, and eicosanoid hormones

can also say:

ADH, oxytocin, hGH, insulin, TSH (glycoprotein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 3 examples of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and nitric oxide

can also say:

corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, progesterone, T3, T4,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from…

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which amine hormones are catecholamines? What are they derived from?

A

E, NE, and dopamine

tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Histamine is an __ hormone derived from ___

A

amine, histidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are two examples of eicosanoid hormones?

A

PGs and LTs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 factors affect responsiveness of target cells to a hormone:

A
  1. blood concentration levels
  2. # of receptors on target cell
  3. influence of other hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe a “permissive effect”

A

simultaneous or recent exposure to a 2nd hormone is required for the first hormone to act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe a “synergistic effect”

A

two hormones acting together is greater/more powerful than the effect of each acting alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe an “antagonistic effect” and give an example.

A

one hormone opposes the action of another

insulin and glucagon have opposite actions: promoting synthesis vs. breakdown of glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The adenohypophysis is composed of 75%…

A

epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The two portions of the adenohypophysis are…

A

the pars distalis and pars tuberalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The main function of hGH is…

A

promoting and secreting IGFs (somatomedins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Translate:
somatomedin
somatostatin
somatocrinin

A

somatomedins: IGFs
somatostatin: GHIH
somatocrinin: GHRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IGFs decrease the breakdown of __ and the use of ___ in gluconeogenesis

A

proteins, amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

IGFs stimulates the liver to…

A

release glucose into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secretion of hGH is promoted by…

A

decreased fatty acids and increased amino acids in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hGH secretion is inhibited by…

A

high levels of fatty acids, decreased amino acids

obesity, hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PRL requires permissive effects on mammary gland cells from…

A

estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids, hGH, thyroxine, insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thyroxine is…

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The neurohypophysis is composed of two parts, which contain:

A

pars nervosa and pars intermedia

containing axons and terminals of hypothalamic secretory cells

26
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

none. it only secretes OT and ADH (vasopressin)

27
Q

What are the effects of ADH?

A

decreased sweating
increased BP
water retention

28
Q

What occurs in diabetes insipidus?

A

hyposecretion of ADH or non-functional ADH receptors leading to intense thirst and excretion of large amounts of urine

29
Q

What is monitored regarding the release of ADH?

A

blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume, pain/stress

30
Q

Two lobes of the thyroid gland are united by the…

A

isthmus

31
Q

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland produce…

A

calcitonin (CT)

32
Q

Which gland is the only endocrine gland to store its secretions in large quantities? (100-day supply)

A

thyroid gland!

33
Q

Which thyroid hormone is secreted in larger quantities? Which is more potent?

A

T4 is secreted in larger quantities

T3 is several times more potent

34
Q

Which thyroid hormone is converted to the other inside the cell?

A

T4 –> T3

35
Q

What molecule transports T3 & T4 in the blood?

A

TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin)

36
Q

Differentiate TGB and TBG

A

TGB is thyroglobulin, required for synthesis of thyroid hormones

TBG is thyroxine-binding globulin, used for transporting T3/T4 in the blood

37
Q

What are some actions of thyroid hormones?

A

increase BMR/metabolism
stimulates synthesis of additional Na/K pumps
increases body temperature
stimulates protein synthesis
reduces blood cholesterol
accelerates body growth with hGH and insulin
enhances actions of catecholamines (HR, heart contraction force, BP)

38
Q

Thyroid hormone secretion increases in conditions that increase ATP demand, such as…

A

cold environment, high altitude, pregnancy

39
Q

What is special about Miacalcin?

A

it’s 10x more potent than CT and prescribed for osteoporosis

40
Q

True or false: high iodine levels suppresses T3/T4 secretion

A

true

41
Q

Which hormone promotes uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix?

A

calcitonin

42
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands in relation to the thyroid gland?

A

posterior surface of the lateral lobes

43
Q

PTH is the major regulator of blood levels of what minerals?

A

calcium, magnesium, phosphates

44
Q

What hormone promotes formation of calcitriol?

A

PTH

45
Q

How is the pituitary gland involved in blood calcium regulation by CT & PTH?

A

It is not involved!

46
Q

Define ‘polyuria’

A

large amounts of urine excretion

47
Q

Define ‘polydipsia’

A

intense thirst even after drinking fluids

48
Q

What is the most abundant glucocorticoid in the body? What is its synthetic name?

What are the others?

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone) (95%)

prednisone is the prescription version

corticosterone, cortisone

49
Q

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

50
Q

How does aldosterone help regulate body pH?

A

promotes excretion of H+ in the urine

51
Q

What are the triggers for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway?

A

decreased BP or blood volume

dehydration, Na+ deficiency, hemorrhage

52
Q

What triggers the release of renin? What does renin convert?

A

LBP

angiotensinogen –> angiotensin I

53
Q

How does aldosterone increase blood pressure?

A

increase reabsorption of Na+ from kidneys & excretion of H+ & K+

angiotensin II stimulates arteriole constriction

54
Q

What are the 6 effects of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. protein catabolism
  2. glucose anabolism (gluconeogenesis)
  3. lipolysis
  4. stress resistance
  5. anti-inflammation (WBC inhibition –> delay repair/healing)
  6. depression of immune response
55
Q

How does PTH affect blood Ca2+ levels?

A

stimulates osteoclasts
stimulates kidneys to release calcitriol
slows loss of Ca2+ in urine

56
Q

Who releases calcitonin? What does it do to affect blood-Ca2+ levels?

A

parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

inhibits osteoclasts

57
Q

Tropins/tropic hormones are released from…

A

the pituitary gland (not hypothalamic neurons!)

58
Q

What is the major hormone secreted by the zona reticularis?

A

DHEA: dehydroepianrosterone

59
Q

Zona glomerulosa is the ___most portion of the adrenal cortex, which secretes…

A

mineralocorticoids

60
Q

Zona fasciculata is the ___ of the adrenal cortex and secretes…

A

middle, glucocorticoids

AP4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions