Endocrine System Flashcards by Tempo Sabatier

Give examples of exocrine glands.

eccrine & apocrine glands, sebaceous glands, lacrimal glands, digestive glands

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List the main endocrine glands of the body.

hypophysis, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal

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How is IL-2 both a paracrine and autocrine hormone?

IL-2 is released by helper T cells and causes greater proliferation of helper T cells, and activation of T and B cells

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NO is released by… and causes…

endothelial cells

vasodilation/relaxation of blood vessel smooth mm (global decrease in BP)

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What are 3 examples of water-soluble hormones?

amine hormones, peptide/protein hormones, and eicosanoid hormones

can also say:

ADH, oxytocin, hGH, insulin, TSH (glycoprotein)

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What are 3 examples of lipid-soluble hormones?

steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and nitric oxide

can also say:

corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, progesterone, T3, T4,

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Steroid hormones are derived from…

cholesterol

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Which amine hormones are catecholamines? What are they derived from?

E, NE, and dopamine

tyrosine

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Histamine is an __ hormone derived from ___

amine, histidine

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What are two examples of eicosanoid hormones?

PGs and LTs

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3 factors affect responsiveness of target cells to a hormone:

blood concentration levels
# of receptors on target cell
influence of other hormones

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Describe a “permissive effect”

simultaneous or recent exposure to a 2nd hormone is required for the first hormone to act

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Describe a “synergistic effect”

two hormones acting together is greater/more powerful than the effect of each acting alone

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Describe an “antagonistic effect” and give an example.

one hormone opposes the action of another

insulin and glucagon have opposite actions: promoting synthesis vs. breakdown of glycogen

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The adenohypophysis is composed of 75%…

epithelial tissue

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The two portions of the adenohypophysis are…

the pars distalis and pars tuberalis

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The main function of hGH is…

promoting and secreting IGFs (somatomedins)

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Translate:
somatomedin
somatostatin
somatocrinin

somatomedins: IGFs
somatostatin: GHIH
somatocrinin: GHRH

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IGFs decrease the breakdown of __ and the use of ___ in gluconeogenesis

proteins, amino acids

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IGFs stimulates the liver to…

release glucose into bloodstream

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Secretion of hGH is promoted by…

decreased fatty acids and increased amino acids in the blood

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hGH secretion is inhibited by…

high levels of fatty acids, decreased amino acids

obesity, hypothyroidism

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PRL requires permissive effects on mammary gland cells from…

estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids, hGH, thyroxine, insulin

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Thyroxine is…

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The neurohypophysis is composed of two parts, which contain:

pars nervosa and pars intermedia containing axons and terminals of hypothalamic secretory cells

What hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

none. it only secretes OT and ADH (vasopressin)

What are the effects of ADH?

decreased sweating increased BP water retention

What occurs in diabetes insipidus?

hyposecretion of ADH or non-functional ADH receptors leading to intense thirst and excretion of large amounts of urine

What is monitored regarding the release of ADH?

blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, loss of blood volume, pain/stress

Two lobes of the thyroid gland are united by the...

isthmus

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland produce...

calcitonin (CT)

Which gland is the only endocrine gland to store its secretions in large quantities? (100-day supply)

thyroid gland!

Which thyroid hormone is secreted in larger quantities? Which is more potent?

T4 is secreted in larger quantities T3 is several times more potent

Which thyroid hormone is converted to the other inside the cell?

T4 --> T3

What molecule transports T3 & T4 in the blood?

TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin)

Differentiate TGB and TBG

TGB is thyroglobulin, required for synthesis of thyroid hormones TBG is thyroxine-binding globulin, used for transporting T3/T4 in the blood

What are some actions of thyroid hormones?

increase BMR/metabolism stimulates synthesis of additional Na/K pumps increases body temperature stimulates protein synthesis reduces blood cholesterol accelerates body growth with hGH and insulin enhances actions of catecholamines (HR, heart contraction force, BP)

Thyroid hormone secretion increases in conditions that increase ATP demand, such as...

cold environment, high altitude, pregnancy

What is special about Miacalcin?

it's 10x more potent than CT and prescribed for osteoporosis

True or false: high iodine levels suppresses T3/T4 secretion

true

Which hormone promotes uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix?

calcitonin

Where are the parathyroid glands in relation to the thyroid gland?

posterior surface of the lateral lobes

PTH is the major regulator of blood levels of what minerals?

calcium, magnesium, phosphates

What hormone promotes formation of calcitriol?

PTH

How is the pituitary gland involved in blood calcium regulation by CT & PTH?

It is not involved!

Define 'polyuria'

large amounts of urine excretion

Define 'polydipsia'

intense thirst even after drinking fluids

What is the most abundant glucocorticoid in the body? What is its synthetic name? What are the others?

cortisol (hydrocortisone) (95%) prednisone is the prescription version corticosterone, cortisone

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex?

zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis

How does aldosterone help regulate body pH?

promotes excretion of H+ in the urine

What are the triggers for the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway?

decreased BP or blood volume | dehydration, Na+ deficiency, hemorrhage

What triggers the release of renin? What does renin convert?

LBP angiotensinogen --> angiotensin I

How does aldosterone increase blood pressure?

increase reabsorption of Na+ from kidneys & excretion of H+ & K+ angiotensin II stimulates arteriole constriction

What are the 6 effects of glucocorticoids?

1. protein catabolism 2. glucose anabolism (gluconeogenesis) 3. lipolysis 4. stress resistance 5. anti-inflammation (WBC inhibition --> delay repair/healing) 6. depression of immune response

How does PTH affect blood Ca2+ levels?

stimulates osteoclasts stimulates kidneys to release calcitriol slows loss of Ca2+ in urine

Who releases calcitonin? What does it do to affect blood-Ca2+ levels?

parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland inhibits osteoclasts

Tropins/tropic hormones are released from...

the pituitary gland (not hypothalamic neurons!)

What is the major hormone secreted by the zona reticularis?

DHEA: dehydroepianrosterone

Zona glomerulosa is the ___most portion of the adrenal cortex, which secretes...

mineralocorticoids

Zona fasciculata is the ___ of the adrenal cortex and secretes...

middle, glucocorticoids