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AP4 > Classes 6 & 7 (Last Quiz) > Flashcards

Classes 6 & 7 (Last Quiz) Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: eicosanoids, including prostaglandins and leukotrienes, are lipids

A

true

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2
Q

What are the 4 functions of lipids in the body?

A

fuel
energy storage
thermal/electrical insulation
structural components of cellular membranes

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3
Q

What are the proteins in lipoproteins called? How are they named?

A

apoproteins

named A, B, C, D, or E plus a number

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4
Q

What are the 4 categories of lipoproteins?

A

chylomicrons
VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
HDL (high density lipoprotein)

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5
Q

Which type of lipid is the largest in size but the lightest in weight?

A

chylomicrons

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6
Q

What is the function of chylomicrons?

A

transporting dietary lipids to adipose tissue

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7
Q

What percentage of chylomicrons are proteins?

A

1-2%

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8
Q

How long do chylomicrons remain in the blood? Where do they travel, mainly?

A

only for a few minutes

lymphatic system

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9
Q

What happens to chylomicrons circulating through adipose tissue?

A

the fatty acids are removed from the triglycerides by enzymes, then taken by adipocytes for synthesis and storage as triglycerides…. weird

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10
Q

VLDL’s are formed where? What percentage of them do proteins make up?

A

in the hepatocyte

proteins 10%

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11
Q

What is the function of VLDL?

A

transporting triglycerides synthesized in the hepatocytes to the adipocytes for storage

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12
Q

What happens to VLDLs in adipose tissue?

A

fatty acids are removed from triglycerides and then taken into the adipocytes for synthesis and storage as triglycerides

the triglycerides are deposited in the adipocytes, and the VLDL is converted to LDL

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13
Q

What is the function of LDL?

A

carries about 75% of cholesterol in the blood to deliver it to tissues

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14
Q

What percentage of LDLs do proteins make up?

A

25%

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15
Q

What happens to excessive LDL in the blood?

A

it deposits cholesterol in and around the smooth muscle in arteries, forming plaques

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16
Q

When can’t LDL enter a cell?

A

once the cell has sufficient cholesterol!

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17
Q

High fat diets increase the production of ____ which elevates ____ levels, the “bad cholesterol”

A

VLDLs, which elevates LDL levels

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18
Q

HDL lipoproteins are the ____ in size and ____ in weight.

A

smallest in size, heaviest in weight

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19
Q

What is the function of HDL?

A

removes cholesterol from body cells and blood to transport it back to the liver for elimination

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20
Q

What percentage of HDL is made up by proteins?

A

40-45%

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21
Q

The greatest source of cholesterol in the body is from…

A

hepatocytes (endogenous)

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22
Q

How does high intake of fatty foods (even without cholesterol) increase cholesterol?

A

stimulates reabsorption of cholesterol-rich bile

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23
Q

Therapies to lower blood cholesterol must also include raising…

A

HDL levels

24
Q

What is the most important factor in raising HDL levels?

A

aerobic exercise

25
Q

Drug therapies for high cholesterol will either…

A
  1. promote excretion of bile in the feces

2. block cholesterol synthesis

26
Q

True or false: thromboplastin and myelin sheaths make use of lipids

A

truw

27
Q

The subcutaneous layer of the body contains about __% of stored triglycerides

A

50%

28
Q

Adipose tissue contains __% of the body’s energy reserves (in the form of triglycerides)

A

98%

29
Q

Lipolysis is the process of ______ where triglycerides are broken down into….

A

beta oxidation

3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

30
Q

Insulin ___ lipolysis, whereas E & NE ____ lipolysis

A

inhibits

enhance/promote

31
Q

True or false: fatty acids can be converted into glucose in the body

A

FALSE

32
Q

Where does beta oxidation occur?

A

in the mitochondria

33
Q

Beta oxidation breaks fatty acids into 2-carbon pieces, which enzymes will then use to form…

A

acetyl CoA to enter the krebs cycle

34
Q

One 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitic acid) can yield as many as ___ ATP molecules

A

129

35
Q

Hepatocytes can take 2 acetyl CoA and condense them into ketone bodies (via ketogenesis). Then, these ketone bodies can be taken into cells and used to form….

A

acetyl CoA

36
Q

The ___ and ____ PREFER to use acetoacetic acid (ketone bodies) in preference to glucose for generating ATP

A

HEART and RENAL CORTEX

37
Q

Lipogenesis is stimulated by what hormone? And conducted by what cells?

A

insulin

hepatocytes and adipose cells

38
Q

What is the pathway for amino acids to become triglycerides?

A

amino acids -> acetyl coA -> fatty acids -> triglycerides

39
Q

Rank proteins, lipids and carbs in order from least amount of energy lost in the transfer to storage, to most lost.

A

lipids only lose 1-3% in the transfer
carbs lose about 6-8%
proteins lose about 25-30%

40
Q

Protein catabolism is stimulated by what hormone?

A

cortisol

41
Q

What happens to excess dietary amino acids?

A

they are NOT excreted in the urine or feces, they are converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis) or triglycerides (lipogenesis)

42
Q

What is deamination? Who accomplishes it?

A

when the amino group (NH2) is removed from an amino acid, preparing it to enter the Kreb’s cycle

HEPATOCYTES!

43
Q

Deamination produces highly toxic ____ which will be converted to ___ by ____.

A

ammonia (NH3) which will be converted to UREA by hepatocytes.

44
Q

Excess ketone bodies can cause…

A

metabolic acidosis

45
Q

Protein anabolism is promoted by what hormones?

A

growth hormone
thyroid hormones
insulin
estrogens & testosterone

46
Q

Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body via _____

A

transamination

47
Q

G6P is a precursor to ribose, used for __/__ synthesis

A

DNA/RNA

48
Q

Acetyl CoA can/cannot be converted back to pyruvate in mammals…

A

CANNOT

49
Q

Shell temperature is usually ___* colder than core temperature, which is normally _

A

1-6* cooler, 37*

50
Q

____ hormones are the main regulator of BMR

A

thyroid hormones

51
Q

A 1 degree increase in core temperature increases metabolic reactions by __%

A

10%

52
Q

Food-induced thermogenesis is greatest after meals high in _____

A

protein

53
Q

TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE… break it down into 3 categories & their percentages:

A

BMR: 60%
Physical activity: 30-35%
Food-induced thermogenesis: 5-10%

54
Q

Leptin helps decrease _____ by acting on the ____ to ____ the stimulus to eat

A

adiposity

hypothalamus to INHIBIT

55
Q

What is the function of neuropeptide Y?

A

it increases motivation to eat, especially carbohydrates

56
Q

What is the function of melanocortin? What triggers its release?

A

leptin triggers its release from the hypothalamus. melanocortins are a group of hormones (like MSH, ACTH) that inhibit food intake

57
Q

1 calorie is equal to…

A

the amount of heat required to raise one gram of water one degree

AP4 (3 decks)

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