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patho final > endocrine & skin > Flashcards

endocrine & skin Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine

A

hormones enter the circulatory system to effect distant tissues and glands

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2
Q

paracrine

A

target neighboring cells w/in same tissue

do not enter blood

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3
Q

autocrine

A

signals that regulate activity in the actual secreting cell from which they were released
“self”

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4
Q

tropic hormones

A
  • hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate growth and secretion of the gland
  • made by anterior pituitary
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5
Q

water soluble hormones

A

short acting responses

need surface receptors

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6
Q

lipid-soluble hormones

A

steroidal
rapid and long-lasting response
pass through plasma membrane

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7
Q

what is the common building block to ALL steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

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8
Q

steroid hormones do what?

A

activate DNA to do transcription and translation to make proteins

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9
Q

what is the most common building block to non steroidal hormones

A

amino acids (proteins)

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10
Q

negative feedback

A

inhibitory

end product inhibits initiator

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11
Q

positive feedback

A

stimulatory

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12
Q

importance of iodine in diet?

A

need to build T3 and T4

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13
Q

feedback control of thyroid hormone

A
  • TRH travels from hypothalamus via blood to ant. pit. which releases TSH
  • TSH travels to thyroid via blood to make thyroid release T3 and T4
  • when T4 is in cell it turns into T3
  • when T3 and T4 get to ant. pit., TSH turns off, when gets to hypothalamus, TRH turns off
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14
Q

ischemia in infundibulum results in?

A

pathology to ant. pit

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15
Q

nerve damage to pituitary affects?

A

post. pit

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16
Q

another name for ant. pit.

A

adenohypophysis

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17
Q

anther name for post pit

A

neurohypophysis

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18
Q

sella turcica

A

bone surrounding pituitary

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19
Q

function of ant pit

A

talks to adrenals with tropic hormones

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20
Q

hypothalamus secretes?

A

GHRH, SS, TRH, CRH

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21
Q

GHRH

A

secreted by hypothalamus to affect ant pit to increase or decrease secretion of GH

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22
Q

SS

A

(somatostatin) secreted by hypothalamus to affect ant pit to decrease metabolism, inhibit GH and TSH

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23
Q

TRH

A

secreted by hypothalamus to affect ant pit to increase or decrease secretion of TSH

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24
Q

CRH

A

secreted by hypothalamus to affect ant pit to increase or decrease secretion of ACTH

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25
Q

without hormones what happens to target glands?

with excess hormones?

A

atrophy

hypertrophy

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26
Q

hormones secreted by ant pit

A

GH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, FHS, LH

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27
Q

hormones secreted by post pit

A

ADH, oxytocin

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28
Q

pineal gland

A

produces melatonin

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29
Q

melatonin

A

controls circadian rhythms (sleep cycle and menstrual cycle in women)
start 10pm, peak 4am

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30
Q

primary regulator of metabolic rate

A

thyroid hormone
T4= more abundant
T3= more powerful

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31
Q

calcitonin

A

regulation of calcium and bone density

inhibition of osteoclasts/stimulation or osteoblasts

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32
Q

when is calcitonin made

A

when calcium levels is too hight to “tone it down”

hypercalcemia

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33
Q

2 hormones secreted by thyroid

A

TH and calcitonin

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34
Q

parathyroid hormone function

A

antagonist to calcitonin

stimulation of osteoclasts

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35
Q

why is parathyroid hormone secreted

A

hypocalcemia,

cracks bones to remove calcium out of bone and into blood

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36
Q

pancreatic alpha cells secrete?

A

secrete glucagon b/c low glucose

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37
Q

effect of glucagon

A

stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, and lypolysis to increase blood glucose

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38
Q

pancreatic beta cells secrete?

A

insulin

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39
Q

what causes insulin secretion?

A

high glucose

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40
Q

whites the effect of insulin?

A

facilitated transport of glucose into muscle and liver cells

decrease glucose via glycogenesis

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41
Q

anabolic hormone

A

leads to synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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42
Q

adrenal cortex layers (external to internal)

A

glomerulosa
fasciculata
reticularis

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43
Q

glomerulosa secrete?

effect?

A
  • mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

- pulls salt in, ↓ pee , ↑ BP

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44
Q

fasciculata secretes?

A

glucocorticoids (sugar)

steroids

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45
Q

reticularis secretes?

A 
weak androgens (DHEA) 
(sex hormones)
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46
Q

adrenal cortex:

growth and secretion stimulated by?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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47
Q

too many androgens in women

A

Hirsutism/virulism →growing beard

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48
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive hair growth causes by excessive androgens in women

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49
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol- released during times of stress on the body

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50
Q

effects of glucocorticoids

A
  • ↑ blood sugar by gluconeogenesis
  • anti-inflammatory steroid
  • immune and growth suppression
  • influences awareness and sleep habits
  • inhibits bone matrix-protein matrix
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51
Q

mineralocorticoids example?

A

aldosterone

52
Q

mineralocorticoids effects?

A

CONSERVE SODIUM
• ↑Na+ uptake in epithelial cells
• ↑ Na+ retention w/ loss of K+ and H+
• regulation of renin-angiotensin system

53
Q

renin-angiotensin system

A
  • Na+ and H2O depletion
  • ↑ K+ exretion
  • ↑blood volume and BP
54
Q

DHEA

A

becomes testosterone

55
Q

adrenal medulla cells

A

chromatin cells

56
Q

effect of calcitonin?

A 
increase osteoblasts (builders) 
decreast osteoclasts (destroyers)
57
Q

GLUCAGON

  1. secreted by?
  2. why?
  3. effect?
A
  1. alpha islet cells (pancreas)
  2. low blood glucose
  3. breakdown of stored nutrients via increased glycogenolysis and increase lipolysis
58
Q

INSULIN

  1. secreted by?
  2. why?
  3. effect?
A
  1. beta islet cells (pancreas)
  2. high blood glucose
  3. increase glycogenesis, increase lypogenesis, increase amino acid uptake in muscles and glucose uptake in most cells
59
Q

Fx of ACTH (adrenocortiotropic hormone)

A

stimulate adrenal cortex to produce/secrete corticosteroids

60
Q

chromaffin cells secrete?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

61
Q

interruption of pituitary stalk

  1. caused by?
  2. effect in women?
  3. effect in men?
A
  1. caused by destructive lesions, rupture after head injury, surgical transection, or tumor
  2. cease to menstruate
  3. hypogonadism and impaired spermatogenesis
62
Q

organs that respond to a particular hormone are called?

A

target organs

63
Q

a major function of the “plasma membrane receptor” mechanism of hormonal action is:

a. action of cyclic AMP
b. increase lysosomal activity
c. requirements of second messenger
d. all of the above
e. both a and c

A

e.
action of cyclic AMP
and
requirements of second messenger

64
Q

a major feature of the “activation of genes” mechanism of normal action is?

A

the hormone enters the cell

65
Q

a hormone having an antidiuretic effect similar to that of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is:

66
Q

the hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis by direct involvement of:

A

regulatory hormones

67
Q

hormones convey regulatory information by:

a. endocrine signaling
b. paracrine signaling
c. autocrine signaling
d. synaptic signaling
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

68
Q

if calcium levels in blood are to high, thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin) concentrations in the blood should:

A

increase, thereby inhibiting osetoCLASTS

69
Q

in the negative feedback mechanism controlling thyroid hormone secretion, which is the non-regulatory hormone?

70
Q

the control of parathyroid hormone is most accurately described as:

A

negative feedback non involving the pituitary

71
Q

the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system begins to function when renin is secreted by the:

72
Q

the effects of adrenal medullary hormones and the effects of sympathetic stimulation can be described as:

A

overlapping in most respects

73
Q

which best describes the respective effects of insulin and glucagon on blood glucose?

A

insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises it

74
Q

the releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via the:

A

hypophysial portal system

75
Q

which anabolic hormones increases muscle protein synthesis

76
Q

aldosterone maintains electrolyte balance by:

a. retention of potassium
b. elimination of sodium
c. retention of both Na and K
d. both a and d
e. none of the above

A

e. none of the above

77
Q

role of epinephrine

A

causes fight or flight response

78
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

all hormones are deficient and patient suffers from multiple complications d/t deficiency of: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, and ADH

79
Q

hypopituitarism

A

absence of selective pituitary hormones or the complete failure of all pituitary functions

80
Q

causes of hypopituitarism

A 
pituitary infarction → necrosis 
hemorrhage
shock
head trauma, infections, tumors
Sheehan syndrome
81
Q

hyposecretion of growth hormone

A

dwarfism from ↓GH in children and teens

metabolic disease from ↓ GH in adulthood

82
Q

hyperpituitarism

  1. caused by
  2. symtpoms
A
  1. benign slow-glwoing pituitary adenoma

2. headache and fatigue, visual changes, hypo secretion of neighboring anterior pituitary hormones

83
Q

hyper secretion of growth hormone

A

Gigantism (children/teens)

acromegaly( adulthood)

84
Q

most common pit. adenoma

A

hyper secretion of prolactin

85
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
caused by?

A

hyper secretion of ADH
caused by ectopically production of ADH by small cell carcinoma, brain injury or infection, pulmonary disease, psychiatric/drugs

86
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

insufficiency of ADH

causes pylori and polydipsia and inability to concentrate urine

87
Q

neurogenic Diabetes insipidus

A

insufficient amounts of ADH

88
Q

nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus

A

inadequate response to ADH

89
Q

psychogenic Diabetes insipidus

A

excessive water consumption (OCD for water)

90
Q

hyperthyroidism causes

A

Graves disease
throtoxicosis
toxic nodular disease

91
Q

thyrotocixicosis

A

condition that results from increased levels of TH

92
Q

Graves disease

A

underlying causes of 50-80% of hyperthyroidism

result from type II hypersensitivity d/t stimulation of the thyroid by antibodies directed against the TSH receptor

93
Q

thyrotoxic crisis

A

occurs in individuals with undiagnosed graves disease

death within 48 hours

94
Q

hypothroidism caused by?

A

autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease)
thyroiditis
postpartum thyroiditis
thyroid carcinoma

95
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

excess secretion of PTH from one or more parathyroid gland

96
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

abnormally low PTH levels

usually caused by parathyroid damage in thyroid surgery

97
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

glucose intolerance

98
Q

DM type 1

A

insulin dependent

caused by pancreatic atrophy and specific loss of beta cells

99
Q

DM type 2

A

non-insulin dependent

caused by prolonged hyperglycemia (years) lead to increased resistance

100
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

serious
↓ insulin causes ↑ counter regulatory hormones
breakdown of fats and proteins

101
Q

Cushing disease

A

excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ADH

leads to increased cortisol levels

102
Q

Addison disease

A

hypo secretion of adrenocortical hormones

↓ cortisol with possible ↓ aldosterone

103
Q

symptoms of addison disease

A

fatigue, othostatic hypotension, syncope, hypoglycemia, ↓Na, ↑ K/Ca

104
Q

hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn disease

causes hypertension, myalgia, weakness, chronic headaches, ↑ Na, ↓ K

105
Q

hyper secretion of adrenal androgens and estrogens causes

A

feminization in men

virilzation in women (facial hair)

106
Q

catecholamine hypersecretion (NE, epi)

A

chromaffin cell tumor or pheochromocytoma

secretions are episodic or continuous

107
Q

macule

A

flat discoloration that is brown, blue, or hypo pigmented

108
Q

papule

A

elevated solid lesion; colora varies

109
Q

ulcer

A

focal loss of epidermis and ermine; ulcers heal with scarring

110
Q

Stage I pressure ulcer

A

nonblanchable erythema of intact skin

111
Q

stage 2 ulcer

A

partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis or dermis

112
Q

stage 3 ulcer

A

full-thickness skin loss involving damage or loss of subcutaneous tissue

113
Q

stage 4 ulcer

A

full-thickness skin loss with damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures

114
Q

braden scale

A

potential/risk for ulcer

115
Q

psoriasis

A

dermal and epidermal thickening

cells do not have time to mature or adequately keratinize

116
Q

acne rosacea

A

most common in middle aged women

red central portion of the face with small erythematous papillose surmounted by pinpoint pustules

117
Q

acne vulgaris

A

inflammatory deice of the pilosebacious follicles

118
Q

lupus erythematosus

A

inflammatory, autoimmune disease with cutaneous manifestations

119
Q

pemphigus

A

rare, chronic, blister-forming disease of skin and oral mucous membranes
blisters form in deep or superficial epidermis
autoimmune disease caused by circulating IgG antibodies

120
Q

furnucles

A

boil, pus filled colonization

121
Q

carbuncles

A

multiple furnucles that often fistula with dermis infection

122
Q

cellulitis

A

staph or strep caused

123
Q

erysipelas

A

type of cellulitis causes by group A beta hemolytic strep

124
Q

impetigo

A

same as cellulite but no subcutaneous tissue

125
Q

scleroderma

A

sclerosis of the skin that can progress to the internal organs
the disease is associated with several antibodies
lesions exhibit massive deposits of collagen with inflammation, vascular changes, and capillary dilation

patho final (2 decks)

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