endocrine & skin Flashcards
1
Q
endocrine
A
hormones enter the circulatory system to effect distant tissues and glands
2
Q
paracrine
A
target neighboring cells w/in same tissue
do not enter blood
3
Q
autocrine
A
signals that regulate activity in the actual secreting cell from which they were released
“self”
4
Q
tropic hormones
A
- hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate growth and secretion of the gland
- made by anterior pituitary
5
Q
water soluble hormones
A
short acting responses
need surface receptors
6
Q
lipid-soluble hormones
A
steroidal
rapid and long-lasting response
pass through plasma membrane
7
Q
what is the common building block to ALL steroid hormones?
A
cholesterol
8
Q
steroid hormones do what?
A
activate DNA to do transcription and translation to make proteins
9
Q
what is the most common building block to non steroidal hormones
A
amino acids (proteins)
10
Q
negative feedback
A
inhibitory
end product inhibits initiator
11
Q
positive feedback
A
stimulatory
12
Q
importance of iodine in diet?
A
need to build T3 and T4
13
Q
feedback control of thyroid hormone
A
- TRH travels from hypothalamus via blood to ant. pit. which releases TSH
- TSH travels to thyroid via blood to make thyroid release T3 and T4
- when T4 is in cell it turns into T3
- when T3 and T4 get to ant. pit., TSH turns off, when gets to hypothalamus, TRH turns off
14
Q
ischemia in infundibulum results in?
A
pathology to ant. pit
15
Q
nerve damage to pituitary affects?
A
post. pit
16
Q
another name for ant. pit.
A
adenohypophysis
17
Q
anther name for post pit
A
neurohypophysis
18
Q
sella turcica
A
bone surrounding pituitary
19
Q
function of ant pit
A
talks to adrenals with tropic hormones
20
Q
hypothalamus secretes?
A
GHRH, SS, TRH, CRH
21
Q
GHRH
A
secreted by hypothalamus to affect ant pit to increase or decrease secretion of GH
22
Q
SS
A
(somatostatin) secreted by hypothalamus to affect ant pit to decrease metabolism, inhibit GH and TSH
23
Q
TRH
A
secreted by hypothalamus to affect ant pit to increase or decrease secretion of TSH
24
Q
CRH
A
secreted by hypothalamus to affect ant pit to increase or decrease secretion of ACTH
25
without hormones what happens to target glands?
| with excess hormones?
atrophy
| hypertrophy
26
hormones secreted by ant pit
GH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, FHS, LH
27
hormones secreted by post pit
ADH, oxytocin
28
pineal gland
produces melatonin
29
melatonin
controls circadian rhythms (sleep cycle and menstrual cycle in women)
start 10pm, peak 4am
30
primary regulator of metabolic rate
thyroid hormone
T4= more abundant
T3= more powerful
31
calcitonin
regulation of calcium and bone density
| inhibition of osteoclasts/stimulation or osteoblasts
32
when is calcitonin made
when calcium levels is too hight to "tone it down"
| hypercalcemia
33
2 hormones secreted by thyroid
TH and calcitonin
34
parathyroid hormone function
antagonist to calcitonin
| stimulation of osteoclasts
35
why is parathyroid hormone secreted
hypocalcemia,
| cracks bones to remove calcium out of bone and into blood
36
pancreatic alpha cells secrete?
secrete glucagon b/c low glucose
37
effect of glucagon
stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, and lypolysis to increase blood glucose
38
pancreatic beta cells secrete?
insulin
39
what causes insulin secretion?
high glucose
40
whites the effect of insulin?
facilitated transport of glucose into muscle and liver cells
| decrease glucose via glycogenesis
41
anabolic hormone
leads to synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
42
adrenal cortex layers (external to internal)
glomerulosa
fasciculata
reticularis
43
glomerulosa secrete?
| effect?
- mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
| - pulls salt in, ↓ pee , ↑ BP
44
fasciculata secretes?
glucocorticoids (sugar)
| steroids
45
reticularis secretes?
```
weak androgens (DHEA)
(sex hormones)
```
46
adrenal cortex:
| growth and secretion stimulated by?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
47
too many androgens in women
Hirsutism/virulism →growing beard
48
hirsutism
excessive hair growth causes by excessive androgens in women
49
glucocorticoids
cortisol- released during times of stress on the body
50
effects of glucocorticoids
* ↑ blood sugar by gluconeogenesis
* anti-inflammatory steroid
* immune and growth suppression
* influences awareness and sleep habits
* inhibits bone matrix-protein matrix
51
mineralocorticoids example?
aldosterone
52
mineralocorticoids effects?
CONSERVE SODIUM
• ↑Na+ uptake in epithelial cells
• ↑ Na+ retention w/ loss of K+ and H+
• regulation of renin-angiotensin system
53
renin-angiotensin system
* Na+ and H2O depletion
* ↑ K+ exretion
* ↑blood volume and BP
54
DHEA
becomes testosterone
55
adrenal medulla cells
chromatin cells
56
effect of calcitonin?
```
increase osteoblasts (builders)
decreast osteoclasts (destroyers)
```
57
GLUCAGON
1. secreted by?
2. why?
3. effect?
1. alpha islet cells (pancreas)
2. low blood glucose
3. breakdown of stored nutrients via increased glycogenolysis and increase lipolysis
58
INSULIN
1. secreted by?
2. why?
3. effect?
1. beta islet cells (pancreas)
2. high blood glucose
3. increase glycogenesis, increase lypogenesis, increase amino acid uptake in muscles and glucose uptake in most cells
59
Fx of ACTH (adrenocortiotropic hormone)
stimulate adrenal cortex to produce/secrete corticosteroids
60
chromaffin cells secrete?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
61
interruption of pituitary stalk
1. caused by?
2. effect in women?
3. effect in men?
1. caused by destructive lesions, rupture after head injury, surgical transection, or tumor
2. cease to menstruate
3. hypogonadism and impaired spermatogenesis
62
organs that respond to a particular hormone are called?
target organs
63
a major function of the "plasma membrane receptor" mechanism of hormonal action is:
a. action of cyclic AMP
b. increase lysosomal activity
c. requirements of second messenger
d. all of the above
e. both a and c
e.
action of cyclic AMP
and
requirements of second messenger
64
a major feature of the "activation of genes" mechanism of normal action is?
the hormone enters the cell
65
a hormone having an antidiuretic effect similar to that of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is:
oxytocin
66
the hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis by direct involvement of:
regulatory hormones
67
hormones convey regulatory information by:
a. endocrine signaling
b. paracrine signaling
c. autocrine signaling
d. synaptic signaling
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
68
if calcium levels in blood are to high, thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin) concentrations in the blood should:
increase, thereby inhibiting osetoCLASTS
69
in the negative feedback mechanism controlling thyroid hormone secretion, which is the non-regulatory hormone?
thyroxine
70
the control of parathyroid hormone is most accurately described as:
negative feedback non involving the pituitary
71
the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system begins to function when renin is secreted by the:
kidneys
72
the effects of adrenal medullary hormones and the effects of sympathetic stimulation can be described as:
overlapping in most respects
73
which best describes the respective effects of insulin and glucagon on blood glucose?
insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises it
74
the releasing hormones produced in the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary via the:
hypophysial portal system
75
which anabolic hormones increases muscle protein synthesis
insulin
76
aldosterone maintains electrolyte balance by:
a. retention of potassium
b. elimination of sodium
c. retention of both Na and K
d. both a and d
e. none of the above
e. none of the above
77
role of epinephrine
causes fight or flight response
78
panhypopituitarism
all hormones are deficient and patient suffers from multiple complications d/t deficiency of: ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, PRL, and ADH
79
hypopituitarism
absence of selective pituitary hormones or the complete failure of all pituitary functions
80
causes of hypopituitarism
```
pituitary infarction → necrosis
hemorrhage
shock
head trauma, infections, tumors
Sheehan syndrome
```
81
hyposecretion of growth hormone
dwarfism from ↓GH in children and teens
| metabolic disease from ↓ GH in adulthood
82
hyperpituitarism
1. caused by
2. symtpoms
1. benign slow-glwoing pituitary adenoma
| 2. headache and fatigue, visual changes, hypo secretion of neighboring anterior pituitary hormones
83
hyper secretion of growth hormone
Gigantism (children/teens)
| acromegaly( adulthood)
84
most common pit. adenoma
hyper secretion of prolactin
85
Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
caused by?
hyper secretion of ADH
caused by ectopically production of ADH by small cell carcinoma, brain injury or infection, pulmonary disease, psychiatric/drugs
86
Diabetes insipidus
insufficiency of ADH
| causes pylori and polydipsia and inability to concentrate urine
87
neurogenic Diabetes insipidus
insufficient amounts of ADH
88
nephrogenic Diabetes insipidus
inadequate response to ADH
89
psychogenic Diabetes insipidus
excessive water consumption (OCD for water)
90
hyperthyroidism causes
Graves disease
throtoxicosis
toxic nodular disease
91
thyrotocixicosis
condition that results from increased levels of TH
92
Graves disease
underlying causes of 50-80% of hyperthyroidism
| result from type II hypersensitivity d/t stimulation of the thyroid by antibodies directed against the TSH receptor
93
thyrotoxic crisis
occurs in individuals with undiagnosed graves disease
| death within 48 hours
94
hypothroidism caused by?
autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease)
thyroiditis
postpartum thyroiditis
thyroid carcinoma
95
hyperparathyroidism
excess secretion of PTH from one or more parathyroid gland
96
hypoparathyroidism
abnormally low PTH levels
| usually caused by parathyroid damage in thyroid surgery
97
diabetes mellitus
glucose intolerance
98
DM type 1
insulin dependent
| caused by pancreatic atrophy and specific loss of beta cells
99
DM type 2
non-insulin dependent
| caused by prolonged hyperglycemia (years) lead to increased resistance
100
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
serious
↓ insulin causes ↑ counter regulatory hormones
breakdown of fats and proteins
101
Cushing disease
excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ADH
| leads to increased cortisol levels
102
Addison disease
hypo secretion of adrenocortical hormones
| ↓ cortisol with possible ↓ aldosterone
103
symptoms of addison disease
fatigue, othostatic hypotension, syncope, hypoglycemia, ↓Na, ↑ K/Ca
104
hyperaldosteronism
Conn disease
| causes hypertension, myalgia, weakness, chronic headaches, ↑ Na, ↓ K
105
hyper secretion of adrenal androgens and estrogens causes
feminization in men
| virilzation in women (facial hair)
106
catecholamine hypersecretion (NE, epi)
chromaffin cell tumor or pheochromocytoma
| secretions are episodic or continuous
107
macule
flat discoloration that is brown, blue, or hypo pigmented
108
papule
elevated solid lesion; colora varies
109
ulcer
focal loss of epidermis and ermine; ulcers heal with scarring
110
Stage I pressure ulcer
nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
111
stage 2 ulcer
partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis or dermis
112
stage 3 ulcer
full-thickness skin loss involving damage or loss of subcutaneous tissue
113
stage 4 ulcer
full-thickness skin loss with damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures
114
braden scale
potential/risk for ulcer
115
psoriasis
dermal and epidermal thickening
| cells do not have time to mature or adequately keratinize
116
acne rosacea
most common in middle aged women
| red central portion of the face with small erythematous papillose surmounted by pinpoint pustules
117
acne vulgaris
inflammatory deice of the pilosebacious follicles
118
lupus erythematosus
inflammatory, autoimmune disease with cutaneous manifestations
119
pemphigus
rare, chronic, blister-forming disease of skin and oral mucous membranes
blisters form in deep or superficial epidermis
autoimmune disease caused by circulating IgG antibodies
120
furnucles
boil, pus filled colonization
121
carbuncles
multiple furnucles that often fistula with dermis infection
122
cellulitis
staph or strep caused
123
erysipelas
type of cellulitis causes by group A beta hemolytic strep
124
impetigo
same as cellulite but no subcutaneous tissue
125
scleroderma
sclerosis of the skin that can progress to the internal organs
the disease is associated with several antibodies
lesions exhibit massive deposits of collagen with inflammation, vascular changes, and capillary dilation
