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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Endocrine Review > Flashcards

Endocrine Review Flashcards

1
Q

3 circumstances of human physiology that would cause an increase in epo ?

A

Decrease of blood oxygen, COPD, Drug use, Toxemia, Liver failure, Cancer

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2
Q

Which hormone is made by fat cells produces feeling of satiety?

A

Leptin

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3
Q

5 ways that cells communicate?

A

Gap junctions, Neurotransmitter, Hormones, desmosome

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4
Q

Which hormone made by the kidneys increase red cell production

A

Erythropoietin

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5
Q

What is a zeitgeber 2 examples?

A

Time keeper, smell touch taste sound

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6
Q

Which cells in the pineal gland makes melatonin?

A

Pinealocytes

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7
Q

How do individuals communicate?

A

Pheromones

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8
Q

What is the neurotransmitter precursors for synthesis of melatonin?

A

Serotonin

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9
Q

What is the amino acid precursor to the synthesis of melatonin ?

A

Tryptophan

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10
Q

What’s the proper name for pineal gland?

A

Epiphysis cerebri

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11
Q

2 differences between endocrine and exocrine?

A

Endocrine has no ducts and uses blood stream, Exocrine has extracellular effects and dispensed on surfaces

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12
Q

Which endocrine gland makes atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

Heart

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13
Q

Which small polypeptide is less than 200 amino acids in length?

A

insulin or oxytocin

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14
Q

Which lipid derived product is from fatty acid base?

A

Prostaglandins or leukotrienes

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15
Q

Tyrosine is a precursor for which hormones?

A

Epinephrine, dopamine, thyroid hormone

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16
Q

Which lipid derived or steroid hormones come from cholesterol ?

A

estradiol , testosterone, calcitriol

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17
Q

Most common second messenger in the human body?

A

cAMP

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18
Q

What are the 3 basic types of second messengers?

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, various gases

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19
Q

What’s special about calcium in the second messenger system?

A

Can be a secondary messenger or recruit second messenger

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20
Q

Where are t lymphocytes originally produced ?

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

What is hormone that thymus produces?

A

Thymosins

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22
Q

Identify 3 things ovaries produce?

A

Progesterone, Estrogen, Inhibin

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23
Q

3 effects of testosterone in males?

A

Stimulates growth of penis and testes , Promotes muscle growth, male secondary characteristics

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24
Q

Which type of diabetes requires insulin?

A

Type 1

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25
Q

4 hormones that come from the hypothalamus?

A

PRH, PIH, GHRH, GHIH

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26
Q

Which type of diabetes is genetic and juvenile onset ?

A

Type 1

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27
Q

4 symptoms of diabetes?

A

Frequent urination, Excessive hunger or thirst, excessive sugar in urine, Blurred vision, Slow healing sores

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28
Q

What do delta cells produce?

A

Somatostatin

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29
Q

How many nuclei exist in hypothalamus?

A

9

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30
Q

Which cells of the pancreas make insulin?

A

Beta cells

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31
Q

The 2% of the pancreas that is endocrine in nature are known as the?

A

islets of langerhans

32
Q

Anterior pituitary gland also known as the?

A

Adenohypophysis

33
Q

Posterior pituitary is known as?

A

Neurohypophysis

34
Q

What is the function of LH in females?

A

Ovulation and synthesis of progesterone

35
Q

Function of FSH in males ?

A

spermatogenesis and inhibin

36
Q

Prolactin In females?

A

Milk synthesis

37
Q

Function of TSH?

A

Growth of thyroid

38
Q

What causes the anterior pituitary gland to release POMC?

A

Stress

39
Q

Identify whether or not arginine vasopressin causes

A

vasoconstriction

40
Q

Which cells do calcitonin promotes function of?

A

Osteoblast

41
Q

Zona faciculata produces which hormone?

A

Cortisol

42
Q

Which cells of the pancreas produce secretions for digestive enzymes ?

A

polypeptide cells

43
Q

When does testosterone synthesis began in males?

A

Fetal development

44
Q

2 functions of progesterone?

A

Uterus Lining to thicken, maintain pregnancy, regulates menstrual

45
Q

What does liver make that indirectly promotes function of GH?

A

IGF(insulin like growth factor)

46
Q

What condition causes chronic polyuria and hyposecretion of ADH ?

A

diabetes insipidus

47
Q

3 symptoms of hyperinsulinism?

A

Weakness, hunger, hypoglycemia, insulin shock’

48
Q

Normal level of blood glucose?

A

70-110 per 100 ml of blood

49
Q

Males have testes that are secreting testosterone but lacks receptors for what it what condition does he have?

A

androgens insensitivity syndrome

50
Q

Brittles bones, renal calculi, high blood calcium level from excessive PTH release?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

51
Q

Individual over the age of 40 that are overweight typically have what type of diabetes?

A

Type 2

52
Q

Weight gain in the trunk of the body but not arms and legs?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

53
Q

When adrenal gland become unresponsive to ACTH no cortisol is being produced and access POMC is causing bronzing of the skin what condition exists?

A

Addison’s disease

54
Q

Which portion of adrenal cortex makes mineralocorticoids?

A

Glomurolsa

55
Q

2 products of adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

56
Q

What is an antagonist to calcitonin?

A

PTH

57
Q

4 symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Bulging eyes, Insomnia, Night sweats, Hyperactivity, Enlargement of thyroid

58
Q

An exothalmic goiter as seen in graves disease can cause which endocrine disorder?

A

Hyperthyroidism

59
Q

3 side effects of hypothyroidism?

A

Weight gain, Loss of hair, Cold intolerance

60
Q

Low blood levels of thyroid hormone which endocrine disorder is it?

A

hypothyroidism

61
Q

Besides t3 and t4 what other hormone does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Calcitonin

62
Q

Beside thyroglobulin what else is needed to produce t3 and t4?

A

Iodine

63
Q

What are the side effects of ginatism?

A

Poor health, increased height, poor heart function

64
Q

Which condition is when there is too little growth hormone released before epiphyseal plates close?

A

Pituitary dwarfism

65
Q

What condition is when there too much GH after epiphyseal plates have closed?

A

Acromegaly

66
Q

What is the name of the tract that connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Tubersinerium

67
Q

Identify all hormones made by interior?

A

TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL MSH GH

68
Q

Functions of oxytocin in females ?

A

Labor contractions, Production of milk

69
Q

Identify effect of oxytocin in males?

A

Assists with ejaculation/ social hormone

70
Q

What does posterior pituitary gland produce?

A

Nothing

71
Q

Identify 4 functions of hypothalamus?

A

Body Temp, Hunger, Thirst, Heartbeat, Water balance, Glandular secretions

72
Q

Peptide hormones affect existing proteins within the cell what do steroid hormones effect within the cell?

A

Rate of transcription

73
Q

What specific piece of the dna do lipid soluble hormones bind to?

A

The hormone responsive element (hre)

74
Q

What do peptide hormones need to reach and identify targets?

A

Secondary messengers

75
Q

What type of receptors do steroid hormones/lipid soluble hormones bind to?

A

Intracellular receptors

76
Q

What is the difference between peptide hormones and steroid hormones?

A

peptide hormones are water soluble and steroids hormones are lipid soluble

77
Q

What’s a pheromone?

A

Chemical signal that influences behavior of other individuals

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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