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Vet med Y1 > Endocrine/Repro > Flashcards

Endocrine/Repro Flashcards

1
Q

define endocrine

A

the source cell sends out a signal molecule/hormone that acts on a specific receptor

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2
Q

define autocrine

A

an autocrine cells releases a signalling molecule/hormones that acts on autocrine receptors on the cell that released the hormone

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3
Q

define paracrine

A

a cell signalling molecule/hormone released by a paracrine cell acts on a nearby target cell
local action
examples are renal autoregulation and neuromuscular junctions

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4
Q

define endocrine systems

A

an endocrine cell releases the cell signalling molecule that circulates through the blood to a distant target cell

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5
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

a collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carries toward a distant target

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6
Q

where is the right lobe of the pancreas found?

A

within the meso-duodenum

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7
Q

where is the left lobe of the pancreas found?

A

within a deep leaf of the greater omentum

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8
Q

is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland?

A

both

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9
Q

what are the clusters of exocrine cells in the pancreas called?

A

acini

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10
Q

what are acini?

A

clusters of exocrine cells in the pancreas

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11
Q

what do acini produce?

A

digestive enzymes that flow through ducts into the GI tract

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12
Q

what are islets of Langerhans?

A

areas/clusters of endocrine tissue distributed among the exocrine tissue of the pancreas

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13
Q

what are the four types of endocrine cell in an islet of Langerhans and what do they do?

A

alpha cell- secretes glucagon
beta cell- secretes insulin
delta cell- secretes somatostatin
F cell- secretes pancreatic polypeptide

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14
Q

how is insulin produces and released?

A

beta cells synthesise pro-hormone called PROINSULIN
converted to active insulin by removal of inactive peptide water soluble polypeptide
binds to specific tyrosine kinase membrane receptor

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15
Q

what is the primary control of insulin secretion?

A

an increase in blood glucose concentration

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16
Q

where is blood glucose concentration detected?

A

by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans

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17
Q

what are the four further ways of controlling insulin?

A

GI hormones in feed-forward mechanism - anticipatory release of insulin before a meal
Parasympathetic activity - increase during and after a meal
Sympathetic activity - decreases insulin activity
Increase in plasma amino acids after a meal - increases insulin secretion

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18
Q

how does glucose move in and out of cells?

A

moves through specific protein channels called GLUT transporters
insulin increases the expression og GLUT 4 transporters

19
Q

do all cells require insulin in order to take glucose into the cell?

A

no
cellular uptake of glucose is independent of insulin the brain (through GLUT 3) and mammary glands, GI tract and kidney tubules through secondary active transport with sodium

20
Q

when is insulin the dominant hormone? is it anabolic or catabolic?

A

dominant in a fed state

anabolic

21
Q

when is glucagon the dominant hormone? is it anabolic or catabolic?

A

dominant in the fasted state

catabolic

22
Q

how does the liver respond to insulin?

A

Respond to insulin by increasing uptake of glucose via insertion of GLUT 4 transporters in their cell membrane within seconds.
No transporters = no glucose uptake so these cells will be starved of energy if there is insufficient insulin.

Glucose converted to glucose-6-phosphate, glycogen or fat.

23
Q

what does a decrease in blood glucose concentration result in i the hepatocytes?

A

hepatocytes make glucose and transport out into the blood using GLUT 2 transporters
detected by beta cells in the pancreas, leads to a decrease in insulin in the plasma

24
Q

what does an increase in the blood glucose concentration lead to in the hepatocytes?

A

increased glucose in the plasma, detected by beta cells, increased insulin in the plasma
glucose concentration reverses and glucose enters the hepatocytes using GLUT 2 transporter. Insulin stimulates hexokinase to maintain a low intracellular concentration of glucose.

25
Q

how do animal ovarian cycles differ from that of humans?

A

animals don’t menstruate
shorter follicular phase (this is where menses would be in human)
shorter in total - average 21 days

26
Q

what is oestrus?

A

animals signalling when they are able to become pregnant

27
Q

what is the difference between the length of the cycle and the length of oestrus?

A

length of the cycles is referring from one oestrus period to the next
oestrus is the length of time where the sperm will survive to fertilise the ovum

28
Q

when does LH peak?

A

at the end of oestrus

29
Q

when does oestrogen peak?

A

towards the start of oestrus

30
Q

when does progesterone peak?

A

around day 10 for a few days

31
Q

what hormone can you administer to an animal to stimulate ovulation?

A

GnRH drives the hypothalamus which then releases an LH surge that stimulates ovulation

32
Q

why is glucose control important for CNS function?

A

metabolism of CNS relies almost entirely on glucose

steady state of transport of glucose into cells

33
Q

what are the four functions of insulin and what is its overall effect?

A

increased glucose oxidation
increased glycogenesis
increased lipogenesis
increased protein synthesis

overall - increased stores of glycogen, fat and protein

34
Q

where is glycogen from and is it stored?

A

from alpha cells in islet of Langerhans

stored as active hormone in the alpha cells

35
Q

what other things control glucagon?

A

increase in plasma amino acids after a meal stimulates secretion
parasympathetic activity stimulates secretion
sympathetic activity stimulates secretion

36
Q

Why does an increase in plasma amino acids after a meal stimulate the
release of both insulin & glucagon?

A

It prevents post prandial hypoglycaemia in carnivores

37
Q

are there more alpha or beta cells in an islet of Langerhans?

A

beta cells (insulin)

38
Q

what causes type 1 diabetes?

A

inadequate insulin secretion

39
Q

what causes type 2 diabetes?

A

abnormal target cell responsiveness

40
Q

what are the clinical signs of diabetes?

A

hyperglycaemia
polydipsia and polyuria
ketoacidosis

41
Q

how does diabetes mellitus cause polydipsia and polyuria?

A

hyperglycaemia caused as glucose cannot enter insulin-dependent cells
glucose is freely filtered into the nephron
ability of the kidneys to reabsorb filtered glucose is exceeded when the concentration of plasma glucose is above 10 – 12mM/l renal threshold for glucose reabsorption is exceeded

glycosuria causes an osmotic diuresis

increase in urination
ECF decreases and plasma osmolarity increases
thirst centre in hypothalamus is stimulated

42
Q

what is polydipsia and polyuria?

A

polydipsia - increase in thirst

polyuria - increase in urination

43
Q

in the liver, which biochemical process is stimulated by glucagon?

A

gluconeogenesis

44
Q

what would cause an increase in insulin secretion?

A

increase in parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas

Vet med Y1 (7 decks)

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