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TAS Growth And Puberty ✅ > Endocrine Regulation of Puberty and Normal Pubertal Development > Flashcards

Endocrine Regulation of Puberty and Normal Pubertal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is puberty?

A

The process through which a child passes to achieve sexual maturity and reproductive capacity

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2
Q

What is pubertal onset precipitated by?

A

The secretion of hypothalamic pulses of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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3
Q

What does pulses of GnRH release cause?

A

Stimulates pulses of LH

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4
Q

What regulates the release of GnRH?

A

Unclear, but GnRH neurones are under control of excitatory and inhibitory neurones

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5
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the excitatory neurones controlling GnRH neurons?

A

Glutamate

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6
Q

What neurotransmitter is in the inhibitory neurones controlling GnRH neurones?

A

GABA

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7
Q

What factors influence the onset of puberty?

A
  • Genetic influences
  • Nutritional effects
  • Environmental influences
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8
Q

What shows that there are genetic influences in the onset of puberty?

A

The inherited pattern of the timing of onset of puberty

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9
Q

What mediates the nutritional effect on puberty onset?

A

Leptin

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10
Q

In which gender have environmental influences been shown to affect the onset of puberty?

A

Girls

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11
Q

What does increasing LH stimulate in boys?

A

Secretion of testosterone from tetiscular Leydig cells

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12
Q

What does the secretion of testosterone from testicular Leydig cells promote?

A

Development of secondary sexual characteristics

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13
Q

What secondary sexual characteristics are developed as a result of testosterone secretion?

A
  • Enlargement and maturation of penis and scrotum
  • Increased musculature
  • Facial and other body hair
  • Deepening of the voice
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14
Q

What stimulates the pubertal growth spurt in boys?

A

Rise in GH and IGF-1 levels

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15
Q

How does a rise in GH and IGF-1 levels stimulate the pubertal growth spurt in boys?

A

It leads to increased resistance to insulin-mediated glucose metabolism, which in turn causes increased insulin secretion to help fuel anabolism during the growth spurt

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16
Q

What effect does the increase in testosterone have on LH secretion?

A

It feeds back to modulate LH secretion

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17
Q

What effect does FSH have in boys?

A

It binds to Sertoli cells to enhance spermatogenesis

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18
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce?

A

Inhibin B

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19
Q

What is the role of Inhibin B?

A

It exerts a negative feedback on pituitary FSH release

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20
Q

What does an increase in LH levels stimulate in girls?

A
  • Proliferation of the follicular and thecal cells

- Androgen secretion during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

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21
Q

What effect does increased FSH have in girls?

A
  • Stimulates proliferation of granulose cells
  • Supports aromatisation of androstenedione to oestradiol
  • Stimulates progesterone production n
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22
Q

What effect does an increase in oestrogen levels have in girls?

A
  • Stimulates secondary sexual charateristics
  • Stimulates growth spurt
  • Causes proliferation of follicular cells
23
Q

How does oestrogen cause the proliferation of follicular cells?

A

Acts on FSH receptors on granulosa cells to cause proliferation of follicular cells

24
Q

What is inhibin A produced by in girls?

A
  • Large antral follicles

- Corpus lutem

25
Q

What is inhibin B produced by in girls?

A

Small antral follicles

26
Q

What effect do inhibins have in girls?

A
  • Feed back on FSH secretion

- Involved in dominant follicle selection

27
Q

How long does the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle last?

A

Variable, but typically 14 days

28
Q

What develops during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

15-20 primordial follicles

29
Q

What happens to the primordial follicles developed during each menstrual cycle?

A

Most become atretic, but one dominant Graafian follicle remains

30
Q

How good is this explanation of the menstrual cycle?

A

Pretty bad, maybe learn it elsewhere

31
Q

What happens to FSH from the first day of the menstrual cycle?

A

It increases

32
Q

What is the result of FSH increasing on the first day of the menstrual cycle?

A

It stimulates follicular production of estradiol

33
Q

What is the effect of the follicular production of oestradiol which was stimulated by the rise in FSH?

A

Feedback inhibition of LH and FSH

34
Q

What happens after oestriadiol has inhibited LH and FSH?

A

Oestradiol feedback to the pituitary switches from negative to positive, causing a preovulatory LH surge

35
Q

What happens in the day 14 luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

LH stimulation causes the ovum to enter the final phase of the first meiotic division

36
Q

What is produced when the ovum enters the final phase of the first meiotic division?

A

It becomes a secondary oocyte

37
Q

What happens to the follicle once the secondary oocyte has been formed?

A

The follicle swells, ruptures, and releases the ovum into the Fallopian tube

38
Q

What is formed from the ruptured follicle?

A

The corpus lute

39
Q

What does the formation of the corpus luteum result in?

A

Progesterone mediated swelling and secretion of the endometrium

40
Q

When does progesterone peak in the menstrual cycle?

A

5-7 days post-ovulation

41
Q

What is the effect of the peak in progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

It exerts a negative feedback on GnRH-regulated LH and FSH secretion n

42
Q

What is the result of the negative feedback on GnRH-regulated LH and FSH secretion caused by the progesterone peak?

A

It causes the corpus luteum to lose its receptors and become atretic

43
Q

What happens once the corpus luteum has become atretic?

A

A new cycle starts

44
Q

What is the mean age of the onset of puberty in boys?

A

12

45
Q

What is regarded as a normal age for boys to start puberty?

A

10-14

46
Q

What is the first stage of normal puberty in boys?

A

The development of 4ml testicular volumes

47
Q

What shortly follows the formation of 4ml testicular volumes?

A

Development of pubic hair and genital changes

48
Q

How can the pubertal changes be document?

A

Tanner staging

49
Q

What is the mean age for onset of puberty in girls?

A

11

50
Q

What is considered a normal age to start puberty in girls?

A

8-13

51
Q

What is the first sign of puberty in girls?

A

Breast bud development

52
Q

What shortly follows breast bud development in girls?

A

Pubic hair growth

53
Q

How does the timing of the pubertal growth spurt differ between girls and boys?

A

It occurs earlier in girls

54
Q

How long does progression through puberty take?

A

Typically 3 years

TAS Growth And Puberty ✅ (12 decks)

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