Endocrine physiology

Question 1

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 1

Reduce in Insulin
Reduce in Sec Receptors

Question 2

Peeing a lot?

Answer 2

History of urinating a lot must be suspicious to DM

Question 3

Pancreas

Answer 3

Triangular gland
exocrine and endocrine cells present
Acinar cells (exocrine) produce an enzyme-rich juice for digestion

Question 4

2 functions of pancreas

Answer 4

Exocrine- they have duct
Pancreatic juice contains digestive enzyme

Question 5

Pancreatic duct produces

Answer 5

Acidic juice ( carbs, proteins, and fats) Pancreatic enzymes are protease, lipase, and amylase (this is an exocrine function)

Question 6

Function of endocrine cells in pancreas

Answer 6

Alpha, beta, delta and gamma

Question 7

Alpha cells

Answer 7

Produce glucagon 20%
Hypoglycaemia
( It prevents insulin secretion)

Question 8

Beta cells

Answer 8

Produce insulin (70%)
Hyperglycaemia
( Insulin prevents glucagon secretion)

Question 9

Delta cells

Answer 9

Produce somatostatin (inhibit both glucagon and insulin)

Question 10

PP cells

Answer 10

Producing Polypeptide (gamma cells or F cells)

Question 11

Factors that influence the release of Insulin

Answer 11

Increased BP

Increased Blood levels of amino acids and fatty acids

Release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic nerve fibres

Sympathetic nervous system - somatostatin

Hormone glycogen, growth hormone, thyroxine, glucocorticoids, epinephrine

Question 12

Homeostasis

Answer 12

Normal Blood glucose levels (70-110mg/dL)

Question 13

DM

Answer 13

Due to hyposecretion and hypoactivity of insulin

Question 14

Fat, used for cellular fuel

Answer 14

Lipedemia, if severe ketones from the fatty acid metabolism leading to ketonuria and ketoacidosis

Question 15

Untreated Ketoacidosis

Answer 15

Hyperpnea( breathing deeper and more rapid than usual)

Ketoacidosis can lead to disruption in heart activity and oxygen transport

Question 16

Hyperinsulinism

Answer 16

Too much insulin leads to hypoglycemia , disorientation, unconsciousness

Question 17

Effects of Insulin

Answer 17

It lowers the blood glucose level

Increase the quality of membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells

It prevents Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis

It takes part in memory and neuronal development

Question 18

Effects of Glucagon

Answer 18

The target organ for Glucagon is the LIVER

Glycogenolysis breaks down glycogen and glucose

Gluconeogenesis - synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates

Release of glucose to the blood

Question 19

Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 19

Autoimmune: Destruction of B cells results in lack of insulin

Very little insulin is present in the blood

Sudden onset

Childhood

TYPE 1 - INSULIN INJECTION

Question 20

Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 20

Genetic , Environmental and Autoimmunity are ethe 3 factors

Question 21

Genetically

Answer 21

HLA linkage -

Question 22

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 22

Insulin resistance and insufficiency