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USMLE Step 1: Endocrine > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

TRH stimulates which 2 hormones?

A

TSH, Prolactin

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2
Q

Dopamine inhibits which hormone?

A

Prolactin

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3
Q

CRH stimulates which 3 hormones?

A

ACTH, MSH, beta-endorphin

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4
Q

GHRH stimulates which hormone?

A

GH, TSH

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5
Q

GnRH stimulates which 2 hormones?

A

FSH, LH

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6
Q

Prolactin inhibits which hormone?

A

GnRH

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7
Q

How does prolactin inhibit ovulation in females and spermatogenesis in males?

A

By inhibiting GnRH synthesis and release

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8
Q

How does prolactin inhibit its own secretion?

A

Increasing dopamine synthesis and secretion from the hypothalamus

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9
Q

Does TRH inc/dec prolactin secretion?

A

Inc

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10
Q

Bromocriptine is a _____ agonist that can be used in the treatment of _____.

A

Dopamine; prolactinoma

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11
Q

Dopamine antagonists (antipsychotics) and _____ stimulate prolactin secretion.

A

Estrogens (OCPs, pregnancy)

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12
Q

GH stimulates linear growth and muscle mass through _____ secretion.

A

IGF-1/somatostatin

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13
Q

Does GH inc/dec insulin resistance?

A

Inc

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14
Q

T/F: GH is release in pulses in response to GHRH and secretion is inc during exercise and sleep.

A

TRUE

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15
Q

Excess secretion of GH causes _____ in adults or _____ in children.

A

Acromegaly; gigantism

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16
Q

State whether mineralocorticoids, cortisol, sex hormones inc/dec in 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.

A

Inc, dec, dec

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17
Q

How does an XY with 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency present?

A

HTN, hypokalemia. Dec DHT leads to pseudohermaphroditism (variable, ambiguous genitalia; undescended testes)

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18
Q

How does an XX with 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency present?

A

HTN, hypokalemia. Externally phenotypic female with normal internal sex organs, lacks secondary sex characteristics

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19
Q

State whether mineralocorticoids, cortisol, sex hormones inc/dec in 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

A

Dec, dec, inc

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20
Q

How does a patient with 21-hydroxylase deficiency present?

A

Hypotension, hyperkalemia, inc renin activity, volume depletion. Masculinization, leading to pseudohermaphroditism in females.

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21
Q

State whether mineralocorticoids, cortisol, sex hormones inc/dec in 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency.

A

Mineralocorticoids: dec aldosterone, inc deoxycorticosterone; dec; inc

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22
Q

How does a patient with 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency present?

A

HTN, masculinization

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23
Q

T/F: All congenital adrenal enzyme deficiencies are characterized by an enlargement of both adrenal glands due to inc ACTH stimulation because of dec cortisol.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Name 5 functions of cortisol.

A

1) Maintains Blood pressure 2) Dec Bone formation 3) Anti-Inflammatory/Immunosuppressive 4) Inc Insulin resistance 5) Inc Gluconeogenesis (*Remember BBIIG mnemonic!)

25
Q

T/F: Chronic stress induces prolonged cortisol secretion.

A

TRUE

26
Q

PTH is made by the _____ cells of the _____.

A

Chief, parathyroid

27
Q

Does PTH inc/dec bone resorption of calcium and phosphate?

A

Inc

28
Q

Does PTH inc/dec kidney reabsorption of calcium in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Inc

29
Q

Does PTH inc/dec reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Dec

30
Q

Does PTH inc/dec 1,25-(OH)2D3 (calcitriol) production by stimulating kidney 1alpha-hydroxylase?

A

Inc

31
Q

State whether PTH inc/dec the following: Serum Ca2+, serum (PO4)3-, urine (PO4)3-

A

Inc, dec, inc

32
Q

PTH increases the production of M-CSF and RANK-L in _____, stimulating _____.

A

Osteoblasts; osteoclasts

33
Q

A dec in serum Ca2+ will inc/dec PTH secretion.

A

Inc

34
Q

A dec in serum Mg2+ will inc/dec PTH secretion.

A

Inc

35
Q

A large dec in serum Mg2+ will inc/dec PTH secretion.

A

Dec

36
Q

What are some common causes of dec Mg2+?

A

Diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics, alcohol abuse

37
Q

Vitamin D2/D3 is from sun exposure in skin while vitamin D2/D3 is ingested from plants.

A

D3; D2

38
Q

Vitamin D2 and D3 are both converted to 25-OH in the _____ and to 1,25-(OH)2 (active form) in the _____.

A

Liver; kidney

39
Q

Vitamin D inc/dec absorption of dietary Ca2+ and (PO4)3- and inc/dec bone resorption of Ca2+ and (PO4)3-

A

Inc; inc

40
Q

Inc/dec PTH, inc/dec Ca2+, and inc/dec (PO4)3- cause inc 1,25-(OH)2 production.

A

Inc, dec, dec

41
Q

Calcitonin is made by the _____ cells of the _____.

A

Parafollicular; thyroid

42
Q

What is calcitonin’s function?

A

Dec bone resorption of calcium

43
Q

How is calcitonin regulated?

A

Inc in serum Ca2+ causes calcitonin secretion

44
Q

Name the hormones associated with the cAMP signaling pathway.

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2 receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon (*Remember FLAT ChAMP mnemonic!)

45
Q

Name the hormones associated with the cGMP signaling pathway.

A

ANP, NO (EDRF) (*Think vasodilators)

46
Q

Name the hormones associated with the IP3 signaling pathway.

A

GnRH, GHRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1 receptor), TRH, histamine, angiotensin II, gastrin (*Remember GGOAT mnemonic!)

47
Q

Name the hormones associated with the steroid receptor signaling pathway.

A

Vitamin D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone (*Remember VETTT CAP mnemonic)

48
Q

Name the hormones associated with the intrinsic tyrosine kinase signaling pathway.

A

Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF (*MAP kinase pathway, think growth factors)

49
Q

Name the hormones associated with the receptor-associated tyrosine kinase signaling pathway.

A

Prolactin, Immunomodulators (eg. Cytokines, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN), GH (*JAK/STAT pathway. Think acidophiles and cytokines. Remember PIG mnemonic!)

50
Q

Steroid hormones are lipophilic, so they must do what in order to increase their solubility?

A

Must circulate bound to specific binding globulins

51
Q

In men, how does an increase in sex hormone-binding globulin clinically present?

A

Gynecomastia (because free testosterone is lowered)

52
Q

In women, how does an decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin clinically present?

A

Hirsutism (because free testosterone is raised)

53
Q

What are the 4 B’s of thyroid function?

A

Brain maturation, bone growth, beta-adrenergic effects, and increased basal metabolic rate

54
Q

_____ binds most T3 and T4 in the blood.

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin

55
Q

Thyroxine-binding globulin is inc/dec in pregnancy or OCP use and inc/dec in hepatic failure

A

Inc, dec

56
Q

Does T3 or T4 bind receptors with greater affinity?

A

T3

57
Q

What is the Wolff-Chaikoff effect?

A

Excess iodine temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase which leads to decreased iodine organification which leads to decreased T3 and T4 production

58
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for oxidation and organification of iodide as well as coupling of MIT and DIT?

A

Peroxidase

59
Q

What is the difference between propylthiouracil and methimazole?

A

Propylthiouracil inhibits both peroxidase and 5’-deiodinase while methimazole inhibits peroxidase only

USMLE Step 1: Endocrine (5 decks)

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