Endocrine Anatomy

Question 1

Name the layers of the adrenal gland from the outside in.

Answer 1

Capsule, Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Retucularis, Medulla

Question 2

Name the secretory product of the Zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal gland.

Answer 2

Aldosterone

Question 3

Name the secretory products of the Zona Fasciculata of the adrenal gland.

Answer 3

Cortisol, sex products

Question 4

Name the secretory product of the Zona Reticularis of the adrenal gland.

Answer 4

Sex hormones (eg. Androgens)

Question 5

Name the secretory product of the medulla of the adrenal gland.

Answer 5

Catecholamines

Question 6

What is the primary regulatory control of the Zona Glomerulosa of the adrenal gland?

Answer 6

Renin-angiotensin

Question 7

What is the primary regulatory control of the Zona Fasciculata of the adrenal gland?

Answer 7

ACTH, hypothalamic CRH

Question 8

What is the primary regulatory control of the Zona Reticularis of the adrenal gland?

Answer 8

ACTH, hypothalamic CRH

Question 9

What is the primary regulatory control of the medulla of the adrenal gland?

Answer 9

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 10

What is the most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults? In children? Which one causes episodic HTN?

Answer 10

Adults- pheochromocytoma; children- neuroblastoma; episodic HTN associated with pheo only

Question 11

Describe the drainage of the L adrenal gland.

Answer 11

Left adrenal to left adrenal vein to left renal vein to IVC

Question 12

Describe the drainage of the R adrenal gland.

Answer 12

Right adrenal to right adrenal vein to IVC

Question 13

What 2 hormones that are made in the hypothalamus are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 13

Vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 14

Name the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary.

Answer 14

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH, MSH (*Remember FLAT-PiG mnemonic!)

Question 15

What is the difference between the alpha and beta hormone subunit?

Answer 15

Alpha- hormone subunit common to TSH, LH, FSH, hCG; Beta- determines hormone specificity

Question 16

Islets of Langerhans are collections of which 3 endocrine cells? What do each of them secrete?

Answer 16

Alpha (secretes glucagon-peripheral), beta (insulin-central), delta (somatostatin-interspersed)

Question 17

What is the major regulator of insulin release?

Answer 17

Glucose

Question 18

Insulin moves glucose into/out of cells.

Answer 18

Into

Question 19

ATP generated by glucose metabolism closes _____ channels and depolarizes _____ cell membrane, which opens voltage-gated _____ channels; this influx stimulates _____ secretion.

Answer 19

K+; beta; Ca2+; insulin

Question 20

In which organs is insulin-independent glucose uptake seen?

Answer 20

Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver (*Remember BRICKL mnemonic!)

Question 21

Match the receptor GLUT-1, GLUT-2, GLUT-4 to the following organs: Skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, liver, adipose tissue, RBCs, B islet cells, small intestine.

Answer 21

GLUT-4, 1, 2, 2, 4, 1, 2, 2

Question 22

T/F: GLUT-1 is insulin dependent, GLUT-2 is insulin independent, and GLUT-4 is bidirectional.

Answer 22

FALSE: GLUT-1 is insulin independent, GLUT-2 is bidirectional, GLUT-4 is insulin dependent

Question 23

State whether insulin inc/dec the following: triglyceride synthesis and storage; sodium retention in kidneys; glucagon release.

Answer 23

Inc; inc; dec

Question 24

Hypoglycemia, somatostatin, and alpha-2 agonists all inc/dec insulin.

Answer 24

Dec

Question 25

The brain depends on glucose for metabolism under normal circumstances and uses _____ in starvation.

Answer 25

Ketone bodies

Question 26

T/F: RBCs always depend on glucose because they have no mitochondria for aerobic metabolism.

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

Name 4 catabolic effects of glucagon.

Answer 27

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketone production

Question 28

Glucagon is inhibited by hyperglycemia and which 2 hormones?

Answer 28

Insulin, somatostatin