Endocrine Part 4

Question 0

What are the 3 most common forms of primary diabetes mellitus?

Answer 0

Type 1, type 2, type 1.5

Question 1

What is the common underlying feature of the group of metabolic d/o known as diabetes mellitus?

Answer 1

Hyperglycemia

Question 2

An autoimmune disease in which islet destruction is caused by immune effector cells reacting against endogenous beta cell antigens.

Answer 2

Type 1 DM

Question 3

… are found in 85-95% of pts with type 1 DM within the first year of dx

Answer 3

Islet cell antibodies

Question 4

Most islet cell antibodies are directed against what?

Answer 4

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) within pancreatic beta cells

Question 5

Anti-insulin antibodies

Answer 5

Type 1DM

Question 6

Presence of lymphocytic infiltrates

Answer 6

Type 1DM islet cells

Question 7

Increasing resistance to insulin with a resultant progressive level of normal insulin secretion

Answer 7

Type 2 DM

Question 8

Pink hyalinization in the islet cells, almost complete loss of cell detail, amyloid deposition

Answer 8

Type 2 DM

Question 9

Estimated to occur in around 15% of patients who have had diabetes for 15 years and increases 1% per year after dx

Answer 9

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 10

What percentage of pts with type 2 DM develop neuropathy?

Answer 10

70-80%

Question 11

Manifestation of systemic dz

Answer 11

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 12

Dilated capillaries (microaneurisms) which leak RBCs and plasma into the substance of the retina

Answer 12

Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Question 13

Caused by leakage from retinal capillary microaneurisms

Answer 13

Macular edema

Question 14

Most common cause of vision loss due to diabetic retinopathy

Answer 14

Macular edema

Question 15

Earliest detectable visible change in the course of diabetic nephropathy

Answer 15

Thickening of the capillaries in the glomerulus

Question 16

Pancreatic endocrine tumors present as either… Or …

Answer 16

Functional or non functional

Question 17

(functional/nonfunctional) PETs commonly associated with specific hormonal syndromes such as hyperinsulinemia or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Answer 17

Functional

Question 18

Pancreatic tumor derived from beta cells

Answer 18

Insulinoma

Question 19

Histological characteristic of an insulinoma

Answer 19

Amyloid deposits

Question 20

99% of insulinomas originate in the … While the others are …

Answer 20

Pancreas; ectopic

Question 21

5% of insulinomas are associated with what?

Answer 21

Tumors of the parathyroid glands and the pituitary (MEN type 1)

Question 22

Increased cellular uptake of immunohistochemical stain

Answer 22

Insulinoma

Question 23

Tumor of the pancreas that secretes excess gastrin

Answer 23

Gastrinoma

Question 24

1/2 to 2/3 all gastrinomas that present as single tumor are found to be

Answer 24

Malignant

Question 25

Where do malignant gastrinomas most commonly spread?

Answer 25

Liver and lymph nodes located near pancreas and small bowel

Question 26

Where are gastrinomas most commonly found?

Answer 26

Duodenum

Question 27

Second most common site for gastrinoma

Answer 27

Pancreas

Question 28

(Duodenum/pancreas) gastrinoma greater chance for malignancy

Answer 28

Pancreas

Question 29

What is the source of excess gastrin found in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

Answer 29

Gastrinomas

Question 30

Triad of gastric acid hypersecretion, severe peptic ulceration, gastrinomas of the pancreas or duodenum

Answer 30

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Question 31

25% Gastrinoma pts also have what condition?

Answer 31

MEN I