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Endocrine > Endocrine Pancreatic Disorders > Flashcards

Endocrine Pancreatic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

A fat cat becomes diabetic because..

A
  • initial insulin resistance -> islet over activity
  • B cells get burnt out -> islet under activity
  • comparable to type 2 DM in humans
  • ALSO has an intrinsic problem with the pancreas and malfunctioning B cells
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2
Q

A fat dog becomes diabetic because..

A
  • B cells destroyed by immune system
  • islets under active
  • comparable to type 1 DM in humans
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3
Q

Define diabetes mellitis

A

Clinically significant glucose intolerance d/t impaired insulin activity

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4
Q

How do DM dogs appear clinically?

A

Absolute insulin deficiency

  • present underweight, skinny
  • majority of dogs (some different type)
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5
Q

How do DM cats present?

A
  • overweight
  • fur changes (seen with hyperadrenocorticism)
  • facial changes (hypersomatotropism)
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6
Q

Is DM in cats reversible?

A
  • variably reversible RELATIVE insulin deficiency
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7
Q

Histo changes cat DM v dog DM

A 
> cats 
- islet numbers the same or decreased 
- islet amyloid? 
- islet dysfunction? 
> dogs
- decreased no. Islets 
- absolute deficiency insulin
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8
Q

Causes insulin resistance

A
  • pregnancy, oestrus, obesity
  • hormonal (HAC, hypo/hyperT4)
  • v eccercise
  • illness (stress)
  • hyoerglyceamia itself can inhibit insulin activity!! (Viscious cycle)
  • lipid dyscrasia (^NEFA)
  • idiopathic
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9
Q

Is fat endocrinologically active?

A

YES

- many make insulin work less well

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10
Q

Other diseases linked to Insulin resistance in cats

A
  • heart disease
  • Cushings (affects cats more severely than dogs)
  • pancreatitis
  • acromegaly (hypersomatotropism) type 2 subset? Type 3? Under debate currently
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11
Q

How does growth hormone work?

A

Stimulates IGF1 production in the liver providing sufficient insulin present

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12
Q

Common clinical signs of long term acromegaly

A
  • protrusion of lower jaw
  • weight gain
  • PUPD
  • organ enlargement
  • big paws
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13
Q

Tx acromegaly

A
  • monthly injection somatostatin

- surgical removal pituitary tumour

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14
Q

Px acromegaly if treated well

A
  • 6 months thickened heart resolves
  • DM reverse within a week
  • boney changes take longer to reverse
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15
Q

Obesity ^ risk of DM BY HOW MUCH?

A

-

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16
Q

Does every fat cat with insulin resistance get DM ??

A

No

  • must have something intrinsically wrong with their pancreas as well as obesity, insulin resistance etc.
  • means they cannot cope with the stress on the physiological system
17
Q

How common is DM in dogs? PDF?

A
  • 0.75%
  • age peak 7-12years
  • intact females ^ risk (diestrus induced - growth hormones from mammary induce insulin resistance esp. After several years. Can induce remission in these dogs)
  • breed (Samoyed, Tibetan terrier, cairn terrier)
  • lab, boxer, GSD PROTECTED FROM DZ (less risk than standard)
  • OBESITY NOT A RISK FACTOR IN THE DOG
18
Q

Prevalence and risk factors for feline DM

A
  • 0.5% and increasing
  • d/t genetics for hunting lifestyle with new lazy lifestyle
  • > 10y
  • obesity,neutering and males ^ risk
  • breed (Burmese has own type of DM, older onset, offspring ^ risk inherited)
19
Q

DM Hx information

A
  • weight loss with INCREASED appetite (no reason for inappetence UNLESS ketoacidotic so suspect concurrent disease or ketoacidosis)
  • PUPD
  • decreased activity
20
Q

2 forms of DM

A 
> happy
- PUPD
- hepatomegaly
- ketonuria (can be normal if no glucose available and excercising, only problematic when ketones -> acidosis)
- send home, Tx
> sad
- PUPD
- ketonuria and ACIDOSIS 
- admit, can be anorexic and vomiting 
- more serious
21
Q

PE findings of DM in dogs and cats

A 
> dogs 
- body mass?? Lean or obese
- hepatomegaly 
- bilateral cataracts
> cats
- - body mass?? Lean or obese
- hepatomegaly?
- NO cataracts
22
Q

Is canine DM PDF obesity?

A

NO !!!

Tell people this

23
Q

How may liver changes in cats be seen?

A

Lipid degeneration

24
Q

Other effects DM

A

> cataracts (dogs)
- within 1yr diabetes diagnosed
diabetic neuropathy
- off back legs

25
Q

Causes of hyoerglyceamia

A
  • stress!
  • DM
  • non- diabetic Illness
26
Q

Clinical path with DM LOOK

A
  • fasting hyoerglyceamia
  • fasting hyperlioea is
  • glucosuria +- ketonuria
  • K Po4
  • liver enzymes ^
27
Q

What is fructosamine?

A

Albumin with glucose so irreversibly bound
- binding occours non-enzymatically
- can be used to differentiate stress hypeglyceamia and chronic hyperglyceamia
> NB. WHEN ALBUMIN LOW FRUCTOSAMINE WILL ALSO BE LOWERED, ALBUMIN HIGH CAN ALSO ALTER RESULTS

28
Q

Outline changes with stress hyoerglyceamia

A
  • better termed anxiety induced
  • muscle catabolism
  • lactate formation (can also be converted to glucose)
  • you cannot predict which cats are more stressed and affected by stress induced hyoerglyceamia
29
Q

What is DKA

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Endocrine (16 decks)

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