Endocrine Pancreas Flashcards
Somatostain receptors are present in the pancreas which is a ______ effect
paracrine
gamma cells
pancreatic polypeptide
GLUT 1 transports glucose:
across BBB
sympathetic stimulation = ________ insulin
decreased
in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, glucose-6-phosphate oxidation causes:
increased ATP which closes K+ channels, which depolarizes the cell membrane
increased protein = _______ insulin
increased
What does somatostatin do?
inhibits digestive function
beta cells
insulin, amylin
GLUT 3 transports glucose:
into neurons
How can we measure insulin quantity in the urine
c peptide
What are the 2 causes of diabetes type 1
- autoimmune ( T lymphocytes destroy B cells)
2. idiopathic
proglucagon is proteolytically processed to yield:
glucagon
incretin (GLP1)
Why does polydipsia occur in chronic diabetes
compensate for effects of dehydration
epsilon cells
ghrelin
Glucagon has ____ effect on blood amino acids
minimal!
in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, how does glucose enter the cell
via GLUT 2 via facilitated diffusion
increased incretins (GI hormones) = ______ insulin
increased
glucose detection is in the ________ in the hypothalamus
arcuate nucleus
What does amylin do?
acts on CNS to suppress appetite
How does diabetes inhibit growth rates in children
due to a shift towards protein catabolism
muscle atrophy and weight loss and no growth
Why do cells of the body shrink in chronic diabetes
due to an osmotic shift of water into ECF and the blood (from dehydration)
alpha cells
glucagon
Proinsulin cleaves to form:
c peptide
a-chain + B-chain connected by 2 disulfide bonds
glucagon primarily targets the:
liver
to stimulate hepatic glucose output
delta cells
somatostatin
parasympathetic stimulation = _______ insulin
increased
What does pancreatic polypeptide do?
putatively reduces appetites and food intake
Which GLUT transporter is the only one dependent on insulin
GLUT 4
What is the consequence of low levels of insulin secretion?
GLUT-4 can’t get to the cell surface, can’t bring glucose into the cell
GLUT 2 transports glucose:
in kidney and intestine
What is the cause of diabetes type 2
life style choice
What are the two ways hypoglycemia from insulin excess can occur
- self-administered insulin overdose
2. reactive hypoglycemia
Your patient has lost consciousness from insulin excess. Before giving them a sugary snack, what do you need to do?
make sure it is insulin overdose and not reactive hypoglycemia
check c-peptide levels
in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, what happens because of K+ channels closing and depolarizing the cell membrane?
voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
Ca2+ enters B-cell
Where is proinsulin cleaves to insulin and c-peptide
inside secretory granules
What stimulates the release of somatostatin
high fat, carbs, and protein-rich meals
in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, how does glucose become “trapped” in the cell
by becoming glucose-6-phosphate
Why does polyphagia occur in chronic diabetes
increased appetite due to cells starving because glucose can’t get into the cell
What happens to nerve cells in chronic diabetes
lose their ability to maintain correct membrane potentials and form action potentials
growth hormone effect on blood glucose
stimulates glucose to stay in the blood for the brain to use while other tissues are using lipids and protein to grow
Other than hypoglycemia, what else can stimulate the release of glucagon
- epinephrine
- CCK
- vagal stimulation
- fasting
- exercise
What is primarily responsible for regulating food intakes and body composition
hypothalamic brain centers
in the process of glucose stimulating the release of insulin, what triggers exocytosis of insulin vesicles?
Ca2+
In the absence of carbohydrates in the diet, what can stimulate glucagon release?
dietary protein (arginine)
What does somatostatin inhibit outside of the pancreas
inhibits release of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary
GLP1 is released from intestine in response to:
high glucose levels in the intestinal lumen
increases insulin release!
What is the most common type of all endocrine disorders?
diabetes mellitus
