Endocrine Pancreas

Question 1

Alpha cells produce

Answer 1

Glucagon, glucagon-like peptides

Question 2

Beta cells produce

Answer 2

Insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide

Question 3

Delta cells produce

Answer 3

Somatostatin (SRIH)

Question 4

F cells

Answer 4

Produce pancreatic polypeptide

Question 5

Structure of insulin

Answer 5

Has alpha and beta chains linked by cysteine disulphide bridges and is degraded by hydrolysis of disulphide bridges and proteolysis

Question 6

Somatostatin-14

Answer 6

Has an unknown role but might inhibit insulin and stimulate glucagon

Question 7

Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP)

Answer 7

Co-secreted with insulin, maybe causes amyloid deposits in pancreas

Question 8

Pancreatic polypeptide

Answer 8

Inhibits bicarb and enzyme secretion by exocrine

Question 9

Factors that increase insulin secretion

Answer 9

Hyperglycemia, leucine, arginine, vagal stimulation, glucagon slightly

Question 10

Incretins

Answer 10

Gastric inhibitory peptide, glicentin, oxyntomodulin, glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2

Question 11

Gastric inhibitory peptide

Answer 11

Produced by k cells of duodenal and intestinal mucosa

Question 12

GLP1/2

Answer 12

Released in intestines in response to meal to enhance insulin secretion and suppress appetite

Question 13

Insulin release

Answer 13

Glucose enters beta cell via GLUT2, increase in ATP closes K channels and opens Ca ones, causing myosin filament contraction and insulin release

Question 14

Glucose transporters and insulin

Answer 14

Insulin stimulates 1, 3, and 4 recruitment into membrane of insulin-responsive cells to increase glucose removal (not in brain or exercising muscle)

Question 15

Metabolic effects of insulin

Answer 15

Increases glycogen production, decreases glycogen breakdown and glucose release, decreases fat breakdown, increases glucose and FA update by adipocytes, increases aa uptake by muscles, decreases protein degradation

Question 16

Metabolic effects of glucagon

Answer 16

Increases glycogen breakdown and glucose release, increases fat breakdown

Question 17

Pancreatitis

Answer 17

Inflammation of pancreas and activation of digestive enzymes, causing lethargy, depression, vomiting, dehydration, pain

Question 18

Diagnosis of pancreatitis

Answer 18

Serum amylase and lipase measurements, serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity test

Question 19

Pancreatic insufficiency

Answer 19

Lack of pancreatic enzymes cause D by atrophy of acinar cells, causing weight loss, polyphasic, steatorrhea

Question 20

Diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency

Answer 20

Serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity, fecal exam, fat absorption test, chymotrypsin activity test

Question 21

Hyperglycemia of severe injury

Answer 21

Stress of an injury increases Epi and norepi, which inhibit insulin and increase glucagon

Question 22

Effects of chronic hyperglycaemia

Answer 22

CV disease, neuropathy, kidney damage, blood vessel damage, cataracts, feet problems, skin teeth and gum wounds

Question 23

Insulinoma

Answer 23

Insulin secreting tumour of pancreas, causing persistent hypo, weakness, apathy, fainting, convulsions, coma

Question 24

Fructosamine

Answer 24

Serum protein with sugar residues attached that reflects average blood glucose of 2-3 weeks

Question 25

Glycosylated hemoglobin

Answer 25

Hemoglobin with sugar attached that reflects average blood glucose over 6-8 weeks