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NUR 1024 > Endocrine & Nervous System > Flashcards

Endocrine & Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Target tissues/organs

A

tissues or organs that respond to the effects of hormones

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2
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

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3
Q

-trophy

A

excessive, above normal

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4
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

promotes secretions of some hormones by the adrenal cortex, especially cortisol

hyper secretion causes Cushing disease

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5
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

ovaries- egg production; increases secretion of estrogen

testes- sperm production

hypo secretion causes failure to sexually mature

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6
Q

Growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin

A

bone, cartilage, liver, muscle, etc.

stimulates somatic growth; increases use of fats of energy

hypo- pituitary dwarfism (children)
hyper- gigantism (children); acromegaly (adults)

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7
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

ovaries- ovulation; stimulates estrogen & progesterone production

testes- promotes testosterone

hypo- failure to sexual mature

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8
Q

Prolactin

A

lactation

hyper- galactorrhea

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9
Q

Thyroid0stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

hypo- cretinism (infants); myxedema (adults)

hyper- hyperthyroidism

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10
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

increase water reabsorption (water returns to blood)

hypo- diabetes insipidus

hyper- syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

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11
Q

Oxytocin

A

uterus- uterine contractions; initiates labor

breast- promotes milk secretion

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12
Q

Calcitonin

A

regulates calcium levels in blood

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13
Q

Thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3)

A

increased energy production for all food types; increased rate of protein synthesis

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14
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

bones- increased reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood

kidneys- increased calcium absorption and phosphate excretion

small intestine- increased absorption of calcium and phosphate

hypo- tetany

hyper- osteitis fibrosa cystica

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15
Q

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

A

gluconeogenesis; regulates carb/protein/fat metabolism; aid in depression of inflammatory & immune response

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16
Q

Mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

A

increased blood levels of sodium and decreased blood levels of potassium in kidneys

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17
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

A

mimic sympathetic nervous system activation like increased metabolic rate, heart rate, and blood pressure

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18
Q

Glucagon

A

glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

Insulin

A

lower blood glucose levels & conversion of glucose to glycogen

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20
Q

CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

control center of the body

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21
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nerves (including cranial and spinal)

relays & receives images; regulates involuntary functions of internal organs

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22
Q

Nuerons

A

carry impulses

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23
Q

Nueroglia

A

support & protection

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24
Q

Dendrites

A

branching process of nerve that transmit impulses to cell body

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25
Q

Cell body

A

contains nucleus

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

transmits to the axon

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27
Q

Axon

A

extends to neurons’ target cell or tissue

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28
Q

Myelin sheath

A

surrounds axon & speeds transmission of electrical impulse

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29
Q

Synapse

A

space between two neurons

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30
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that allow signals to cross the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the dendrites of the next neuron

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31
Q

Gli/o

A

glue; neuroglia tissue

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32
Q

-paresis

A

partial paralysis

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33
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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34
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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35
Q

Addison disease

A

hyposecretion of cortisol bc of damaged or atrophied adrenal cortex

36
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

impaired metabolism bc insufficient production or inability to use insulin

type 1- abrupt onset bc of failure to produce insulin (children/youth)

type 2- gradual onset from insulin deficiency or resistance (most common; adults over 40)

37
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

totally pituitary impairment causing loss of hormone activity

38
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

rare adrenal gland tumor causing excessive adrenaline and norepinephrine (severe bp elevation)

39
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

dementia caused by atrophy of frontal & occipital lobes (cerebral degeneration)

40
Q

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degenerative disorder from loss of motor neurons in spinal cord & brainstem leading to muscle weakness & paralysis

41
Q

Epilepsy

A

disturbed nerve cell activity causing seizures

42
Q

Huntington chorea

A

hereditary nervous disorder from loss of brain cells that lead to involuntary, dancelike movements

43
Q

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

degenerative disease of CNS characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin in spinal cord and brain

44
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

malignant tumor resembling neuroblasts

45
Q

Palsy

A

partial or complete loss of motor function

Bell- facial paralysis on one side of face bc facial nerve inflammation

cerebral- bilateral, symmetrical motor dysfunction & partial paralysis caused by damage to cerebrum (gestation, birth, or hereditary)

46
Q

Paralysis

A

loss of voluntary motion

paraplegia- paralysis of lower portion of body & both legs

quadriplegia- paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk

47
Q

Parkinson disease

A

prog., degen. neuro. disorder affecting portion of brain responsible for controlling movement (paralysis agitans)

48
Q

C4 injury

A

quadriplegia (starts above collar bone)

49
Q

C6 injury

A

quadriplegia (starts below shoulder)

50
Q

T6 injury

A

paraplegia (starts below pecs)

51
Q

L1 injury

A

paraplegia (starts at hips)

52
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

disease caused by virus that’s destroyed gray matter that leads to paralysis & muscular atrophy

53
Q

Sciatica

A

severe pain in leg along sciatic nerve (travels from hip to foot)

54
Q

Seizure

A

abnormal, uncontrolled discharge of electrical activity causing convulsions

tonic-clonic (grand mal)- seizure causing unconsciousness & excessive motor activity; rigidity (tonic) & contractions (clonic)

absence (petit mal)- brief, sudden unconsciousness

55
Q

Shingles

A

acute, herpetic vesicles on trunk of body caused by herpes zoster virus

56
Q

Spina bifida

A

congenital neural tibe defect of incomplete closure of spinal canal

oculta- least severe; without protrusion of spinal cord or meninges

cystica- most severe; protrusion of meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)

57
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

short episodes of near dysfunction caused by temporary loss of blood supply to brain (minutes to hours)

58
Q

Fasting blood glucose (FBG)

A

measures blood glucose levels in pt who has fasted min 8 hours

59
Q

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

pt fasts for 8-12 hrs, ingests glucose, & undergoes blood draws to determine speed of glucose clearance from blood

60
Q

Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test

A

imaging procedure measuring levels of radioactivity in thyroid gland after oral/intravenous administration of radioactive iodine

61
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

lab test of CSF thru lumbar puncture to evaluate clarity & color, cells, and proteins & other substances

62
Q

EEG

A

diagnostic procedure using electrodes on scalp to record electrical activity in brain

63
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

insertion of needle into subarachnoid space of spinal column at level of 4th intervertebral space to withdraw CSF (spinal tap)

64
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

imaging using magnetic force of brains electrical activity recorded on scalp

65
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

radiographic electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body

66
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

combines CT w/ radiopharmaceutical to produce transverse image of distribution of radioactivity of the body (reveals where its metabolized or not)

67
Q

Insulin pump therapy

A

small, computerized device continuously delivering precise insulin dose thru catheter under skin

68
Q

Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy

A

min. invasive endoscopic surgery removing pituitary tumors thru nasal cavity via sphenoid sinus

69
Q

Craniotomy

A

sure. procedure that creates skull opening to gain brain access

70
Q

Thalamotomy

A

partial destruction of thalamus to treat psychosis, intractable pain, or involuntary movement (like Parkinson’s)

71
Q

Trephination

A

excision of circular disk of bone to reveal brain tissue or relieve intracranial pressure

72
Q

HRT

A

corrects hormone defeciency

73
Q

Oral hypoglycemics

A

stimulate insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes

74
Q

Anesthetics

A

causes partial or complete loss of sensation with or w/o LOC

75
Q

Antiparkinsonian agents

A

controls tremors and muscle rigidity by increasing dopamine lvels

76
Q

Orchid/o

A

testis

77
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

78
Q

-lith

A

stone

79
Q

-malacia

A

softening

80
Q

-oid

A

resembling

81
Q

-penia

A

decrease

82
Q

-phagia

A

swallowing

83
Q

-phasia

A

speech

84
Q

-rrhagia

A

bursting forth

85
Q

para-

A

near, beside; beyond

NUR 1024 (8 decks)

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