Endocrine & Nervous System Flashcards
Target tissues/organs
tissues or organs that respond to the effects of hormones
-dipsia
thirst
-trophy
excessive, above normal
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
promotes secretions of some hormones by the adrenal cortex, especially cortisol
hyper secretion causes Cushing disease
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
ovaries- egg production; increases secretion of estrogen
testes- sperm production
hypo secretion causes failure to sexually mature
Growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin
bone, cartilage, liver, muscle, etc.
stimulates somatic growth; increases use of fats of energy
hypo- pituitary dwarfism (children)
hyper- gigantism (children); acromegaly (adults)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
ovaries- ovulation; stimulates estrogen & progesterone production
testes- promotes testosterone
hypo- failure to sexual mature
Prolactin
lactation
hyper- galactorrhea
Thyroid0stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
hypo- cretinism (infants); myxedema (adults)
hyper- hyperthyroidism
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
increase water reabsorption (water returns to blood)
hypo- diabetes insipidus
hyper- syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
uterus- uterine contractions; initiates labor
breast- promotes milk secretion
Calcitonin
regulates calcium levels in blood
Thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3)
increased energy production for all food types; increased rate of protein synthesis
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
bones- increased reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood
kidneys- increased calcium absorption and phosphate excretion
small intestine- increased absorption of calcium and phosphate
hypo- tetany
hyper- osteitis fibrosa cystica
Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)
gluconeogenesis; regulates carb/protein/fat metabolism; aid in depression of inflammatory & immune response
Mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
increased blood levels of sodium and decreased blood levels of potassium in kidneys
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
mimic sympathetic nervous system activation like increased metabolic rate, heart rate, and blood pressure
Glucagon
glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
Insulin
lower blood glucose levels & conversion of glucose to glycogen
CNS
brain & spinal cord
control center of the body
PNS
peripheral nerves (including cranial and spinal)
relays & receives images; regulates involuntary functions of internal organs
Nuerons
carry impulses
Nueroglia
support & protection
Dendrites
branching process of nerve that transmit impulses to cell body
Cell body
contains nucleus
Nucleus
transmits to the axon
Axon
extends to neurons’ target cell or tissue
Myelin sheath
surrounds axon & speeds transmission of electrical impulse
Synapse
space between two neurons
Neurotransmitter
chemical messengers that allow signals to cross the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the dendrites of the next neuron
Gli/o
glue; neuroglia tissue
-paresis
partial paralysis
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis
Addison disease
hyposecretion of cortisol bc of damaged or atrophied adrenal cortex
Diabetes mellitus
impaired metabolism bc insufficient production or inability to use insulin
type 1- abrupt onset bc of failure to produce insulin (children/youth)
type 2- gradual onset from insulin deficiency or resistance (most common; adults over 40)
Panhypopituitarism
totally pituitary impairment causing loss of hormone activity
Pheochromocytoma
rare adrenal gland tumor causing excessive adrenaline and norepinephrine (severe bp elevation)
Alzheimer disease
dementia caused by atrophy of frontal & occipital lobes (cerebral degeneration)
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
degenerative disorder from loss of motor neurons in spinal cord & brainstem leading to muscle weakness & paralysis
Epilepsy
disturbed nerve cell activity causing seizures
Huntington chorea
hereditary nervous disorder from loss of brain cells that lead to involuntary, dancelike movements
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
degenerative disease of CNS characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin in spinal cord and brain
Neuroblastoma
malignant tumor resembling neuroblasts
Palsy
partial or complete loss of motor function
Bell- facial paralysis on one side of face bc facial nerve inflammation
cerebral- bilateral, symmetrical motor dysfunction & partial paralysis caused by damage to cerebrum (gestation, birth, or hereditary)
Paralysis
loss of voluntary motion
paraplegia- paralysis of lower portion of body & both legs
quadriplegia- paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk
Parkinson disease
prog., degen. neuro. disorder affecting portion of brain responsible for controlling movement (paralysis agitans)
C4 injury
quadriplegia (starts above collar bone)
C6 injury
quadriplegia (starts below shoulder)
T6 injury
paraplegia (starts below pecs)
L1 injury
paraplegia (starts at hips)
Poliomyelitis
disease caused by virus that’s destroyed gray matter that leads to paralysis & muscular atrophy
Sciatica
severe pain in leg along sciatic nerve (travels from hip to foot)
Seizure
abnormal, uncontrolled discharge of electrical activity causing convulsions
tonic-clonic (grand mal)- seizure causing unconsciousness & excessive motor activity; rigidity (tonic) & contractions (clonic)
absence (petit mal)- brief, sudden unconsciousness
Shingles
acute, herpetic vesicles on trunk of body caused by herpes zoster virus
Spina bifida
congenital neural tibe defect of incomplete closure of spinal canal
oculta- least severe; without protrusion of spinal cord or meninges
cystica- most severe; protrusion of meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele)
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
short episodes of near dysfunction caused by temporary loss of blood supply to brain (minutes to hours)
Fasting blood glucose (FBG)
measures blood glucose levels in pt who has fasted min 8 hours
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
pt fasts for 8-12 hrs, ingests glucose, & undergoes blood draws to determine speed of glucose clearance from blood
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test
imaging procedure measuring levels of radioactivity in thyroid gland after oral/intravenous administration of radioactive iodine
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
lab test of CSF thru lumbar puncture to evaluate clarity & color, cells, and proteins & other substances
EEG
diagnostic procedure using electrodes on scalp to record electrical activity in brain
Lumbar puncture
insertion of needle into subarachnoid space of spinal column at level of 4th intervertebral space to withdraw CSF (spinal tap)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
imaging using magnetic force of brains electrical activity recorded on scalp
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
radiographic electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body
Positron emission tomography (PET)
combines CT w/ radiopharmaceutical to produce transverse image of distribution of radioactivity of the body (reveals where its metabolized or not)
Insulin pump therapy
small, computerized device continuously delivering precise insulin dose thru catheter under skin
Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
min. invasive endoscopic surgery removing pituitary tumors thru nasal cavity via sphenoid sinus
Craniotomy
sure. procedure that creates skull opening to gain brain access
Thalamotomy
partial destruction of thalamus to treat psychosis, intractable pain, or involuntary movement (like Parkinson’s)
Trephination
excision of circular disk of bone to reveal brain tissue or relieve intracranial pressure
HRT
corrects hormone defeciency
Oral hypoglycemics
stimulate insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Anesthetics
causes partial or complete loss of sensation with or w/o LOC
Antiparkinsonian agents
controls tremors and muscle rigidity by increasing dopamine lvels
Orchid/o
testis
-iasis
abnormal condition
-lith
stone
-malacia
softening
-oid
resembling
-penia
decrease
-phagia
swallowing
-phasia
speech
-rrhagia
bursting forth
para-
near, beside; beyond
