Endocrine/Metabolic Disease Flashcards
Endocrine system function is to maintain __ __ __ through coordination of __ that relay info/instructions b/w cells.
1) whole body homeostasis
2) hormones
Name 5 body functions the endocrine system regulates.
1) Metabolism
2) Water/salt balance
3) BP
4) stress response
5) sexual reproduction
Endocrine system is composed of __. Name 4 of these.
1) Glands
2) Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pineal glands, Thymus, Pancreas, Testes/Ovaries
Endocrine/Metabolic disease S&S include muscle weakness / myalgia / cramps / fatigue, periarthritis & calcific tendinitis, and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. What are 3 NM/MSK S&S assoc. w/ endocrine disease.
1) Chondrocalcinosis
2) Spondyloarthropathy & Osteoarthritis
3) Hand Stiffness & Hand Pain
1) What is DM?
glucose levels >/=126 mmg/dL
2) What is it caused by?
3) What can it result in?
1) hyperglycemia + disrupted metabolism of carbs, fats, & proteins
2) deficient insulin or defective insulin action
3) vascular complications & neuropathies
Some S&S of DM are
Polydipsia, Hyperglycemia, Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C levels ≥6.5%), Glycosuria, & Ketonuria.
1) Name 5 more S&S.
2) What 2 S&S are usually seen in type 1 DM cases?
1) Polyuria, Fatigue/weakness, Blurred vision, Irritability, Recurring infections, Numbness/tingling in hands and feet, delayed wound healing
2) Usually Type 1: Polyphagia (excessive hunger), Weight loss
DM leading cause of end-stage __ disease, nontraumatic LE __, & new cases of __. It’s also a major cause of __ __ and stroke.
1) renal
2) amputations
3) blindness
4) heart disease
Type __ DM is defective insulin or impaired binding of insulin. It’s common in the >40 y/o population.
Type __ DM is when little/no insulin is produced. It’s common among kids or young adults.
1) type 2 DM
2) type 1 DM
DM Physical complications include periarthritis, infection/impaired wound healing, and __(3).
1) Atherosclerosis
2) Hand stiffness
3) Neuropathy
__ is the most common complication of chronic DM that may affect CNS, PNS, or ANS. The most common type of this is ___.
1) Diabetic Neuropathy
2) Chronic Sensorimotor Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy (DPN)
Diabetic neuropathy S&S include sensory impairments of extremities, weakness, hypo/areflexia, LOB, & CTS (carpal tunnel). What are 4 autonomic S&S of diabetic neuropathy?
GI S&S, Erectile dysfunction, UTI, urinary incontinence, diaphoresis, dry, cracked skin, incr. infection risk, restricted pupillary adjustment, OH,
no HR variability
Charcot’s Joint is a neuropathic arthropathy seen in pts w/ DM. What is it characterized by? Name 3 S&S of Charcot’s Joint.
Shoulder, hand, and foot disorders are very common
1) Loss of proprioception –> repetitive stress & degenerative joint pathology
2) unilat. severe swelling, S&S of inflammation, impair deep pressure, joint deformity (PIP ext/DIP flex)
2 S&S of DM are periarthritis and hand stiffness. Periarthritis is common in these body regions __(2). Hand stiffness can present as __ tenosynovitis, __ contracture, & CRPS.
1) hand & shoulder
2) flexor tenosynovitis
3) Dupuytren’s contracture
W/ DM pts, STOP exercise if glucose is >___ mg/dL. Have pt eat snack before exercise is glucose is <___mg/dL.
Retest glucose prior to initiation of exercise
1) STOP = >250mg/dL
2) Snack = <100mg/dL
Severe Hyperglycemia = >___mg/dL and can lead to DKA.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is common with Type __ DM pts. DKA S&S include coma, incr. temp, muscle cramp, dehydration, polyuria, & __(4).
1) >400mg/dL
2) Type 1 DM
3) Thirst, Hyperventilation, Fruity breath, Flushed face & hot/dry skin
Hypoglycemia = <__mg/dL & is a complication of insulin or oral hypoglyemic agent use. Its commonly due to decr. __ intake or __ physical activity.
1) <70mg/dL
2) decr. food intake
3) incr. physical activity
O2 consumption in NS interrupted; can lead to brain damage & death
Name 4 S&S of hypoglycemia that are NOT S&S of hyperglycemia.
Pallor, irritability / nervousness, weakness, hunger, shakiness, headache, Double/blurred vision, Slurred speech, fatigue
T/F: Acromegaly is abnormal enlargement of axial skeleton. Its d/t GH hypersecretion & can be caused by a tumor in the pituitary gland. In adulthood it mostly affects bones of the face/jaw, hands, & feet..
False; everything is true except it is actually the enlargement of EXTREMITIES of the skeleton
Other than bone enlargement, CTS, hand pain/stiffness, & diaphoresis, name 4 more S&S of acromegaly.
Amenorrhea
DM
HTN
Mid/LBP
Prox. myopathy & poor exercise tolerance
Fibromyalgia
Addison’s disease is chronic ___ insufficiency d/t hyposecretion by the __ glands. Some S&S of this is hypotension, progressive fatige, hyperkalemia, & __(4).
1) adrenocortical
2) adrenal glands
3) Dark skin around mouth & scars, GI, anorexia/wt loss, N/V, arthralgia/myalgias, tendon calcification, hypoglycemia
Cushing’s Syndrome is increased adrenal gland secretion of __, which suppresses the __ response. B/c of this, a warning flag for referral is any unexplained ___ w/out other S&S.
1) cortisol
2) inflammatory
3) fever
Cushing’s Syndrome S&S include __ effect for women, slow wound healing, DM/HTN, easy bruising, muscle wasting/weakness, & __(4).
-“Moonface”
-Buffalo hump at the neck
-Protuberant abdomen with fat accum. + stretch marks
-Decreased BMD/OP
-Kyphosis and back pain
-Psych/emotional disturbances
-Impaired reproductive fxn
Thyroid gland enlargement is called a __. S&S include incr. neck size, pressure on adj. structure, & (3).
dietary iodine deficiency
1) goiter
2) difficulty in breathing, dysphagia, hoarseness
Another name for hyperthyroidism is __.
__ disease is a common hyperfunction disease. 2 common S&S of this disease are __.
1) thyrotoxicosis
2) Grave’s Disease
3) Goiter and Exopthalmos (bulging of the eyes)
Hyperthyroidism causes a generalized elevation is body __. Some S&S seen in older adults are tremors, palpitations, anxiety, & _(2). S&S seen in younger pts are __ intolerance, weight __, dry skin, & _(2).
1) metabolism
2) wt loss, heat intolerance
3) Cold intolerance
4) Wt gain
5) Constipation, mental/physical slowing
4 Main complications that can arise w/ hyperthyroidism is __.
Acronym: CPDP
1) Calcific tendinitis
2) Periarthritis
3) Decr. BMD/OP
4) Prox. Muscle weakness/atrophy
What is a life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism that requires immediate referral if detected? What are 5 S&S to lookout for?
1) Thyroid Storm
2) Severe tachycardia with heart failure, Shock, Hyperthermia, Restlessness, Agitation, Chest & abd pain, N/V, Coma
T/F: Hyperthyroidism is more common than hypothyroidism.
False
1) Name 3 RFs for hypothyroidism.
2) Name 4 S&S of hypothyroidism.
1) Women, older age, surg. remove of thyroid gland external irradiation, some meds
2) Puffy/puppy face, Cold intolerance, Excessive fatigue/drowsiness, HAs, Wt gain, irreg. menstrual bleeding, worsening PMS, dry skin, thin/brittle hair and nails
Name 5 Hypothyroidism MSK effects.
1) INCREASED BMD
2) DECREASED bone formation/resorption
3) Edema (muscle + joint)
4) Prolonged DTRs (or delayed onset)
Prox. muscle weakness, Myalgia, Trigger pts, Stiffness, cramps, CTS, Subjective report of paresthesias without supportive objective findings, back pain
Name 4 metabolic pathologies we discuss.
1) Dehydration (Fluid imbalance)
2) Gout
3) Osteoporosis
4) Paget’s Disease
Early S&S of dehydration are _(2). As condition worsens other S&S include incr. temp, LOW urine output, Postural hypotension, & _(4),
1) Thirst Wt loss
2) Poor skin turgor, dryness of mouth / throat / face, NO SWEAT, Dizziness when standing, Confusion, Increased hematocrit
Gout is when excess __ acid in blood results in tiny crystals that collect in __, which triggers a painful __ response.
4 RFs of gout are __.
1) uric
2) joints
3) inflammatory
4) male, 40-50s, menopause, obesity, white, stress, alc consumption, meat/seafood consumption, excess intake of sugar, purine-rich, or high-fructose foods
Other than fever/chills, malaise, & redness, what are 2 more S&S of gout
1) Tophi: lumps under skin or eruptions thru skin of chalky urate crystals
2) Joint pain/swelling esp. 1st MTP joint
If a pt answers yes to >__ items on the OP screening evaluation form, they have an incr. risk for OP and need to be refered to BMD testing.
> 3 items
Name 5 RFs for OP.
1) women
2) older/post menopausal
3) smoking, alc, decr. Ca, little WB exercise
4) early menopause
5) prolonged exposure to certain meds (corticosteroids)
Thin, chronic diseases affecting kidneys/lungs/ stomach/intestines / hormones
T-Scores for normal BMD, osteopenia, OP, and severe OP
Normal = -1 or above
Osteopenia = -1 to -2.5
OP = -2.5 or less
Severe OP = -2.5 or less + fragility fx(s)
3 Prominent S&S for OP.
1) Back pain: episodic, low T/high L pain
2) Kyphosis
3) Dowager’s Hummp
Early satiety, decr. activity tolerance, height decr., bone fx, spine compression fx
Paget’s Disease is a NONinflammatory, metabolic, skeletal disorder when excessive osteo__ bone __ is f/b incr. osteo__ activity. This leads to formation of unstable bone that is __, less __, more __, & incr. risk for fx.
1&2) osteoclastic bone resorption
3) osteoblastic activity
4-6) bone is larger, less compact, more vascular, & incr. risk for fx
T/F: Most pts with Paget’s disease are asymptomatic.
True
Name 4 S&S of Paget’s Disease
1) bowing of long bones
2) spinal stenosis
3) decr. auditory acuity
4) incr. temp over long bones
Name 3 red flags when working with pts with endocrine/metabolic disease that require medical attn.
1) Pt w/ DM is confused, lethargic, altered mental status, profuse sweating, S&S of DKA
2) Hypoglycemia
3) S&S of thyroid storm
General Endocrine/Metabolic disease guidelines:
1) 2 physical signs ?
2) favorable PMHx ? (1)
3) 3 S&S ?
1a) nodes/nodules in scalene triangle + hoarseness, hemotysis, incr. BP
1b) muscle fasciculation & cramping w/ antacid use
2) long-term use of corticosteroids
3) arthralgia, hand pain/stiffness, muscle weakness
