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Renal/Endo/repro > Endocrine Introduction > Flashcards

Endocrine Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What types of epithelial do glands have?

A

Glands are comprised of cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells surrounded by a basement

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2
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

Maintain contact with tissue surface; secrete products into ducts.

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3
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Lose contact with surface; secretions enter/exit the blood stream via fenestrated capillaries to affect tissues usually far from the site of secretion.

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4
Q

Glycoproteins examples

A

FSH and LH

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5
Q

Peptides hormones

A

Oxytocin, Vasopressin, hypothalamic hormones, Calcitonin

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6
Q

Modified amino acids

A

Noradrenaline, adrenaline, thyroxine

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7
Q

What kind of receptors do protein/peptide hormones bind to? What about steriods?

A

Protein/peptides bind to cell surface receptors while steroids bind to intracellular/cytoplasmic receptors.

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8
Q

Protein/peptide hormones are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

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9
Q

Other names of anterior lobe of pituitary

A

Pars distalis or adenohypophysis

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10
Q

other names of posterior lobe of pituitary

A

Pars nervosa

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11
Q

What is anterior pituitary embryologically derived from?

A

Rathke’s pouch (oral ectoderm)

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12
Q

Posterior pituitary embryological origin

A

Infundibulum (neural ectoderm)

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13
Q

What is the primary Plexus?

A

Collection of blood vessels at the base of hypothalamus called median eminence.

It allows collection of secretory products from the hypothalamus into portal veins.

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14
Q

What is the secondary plexus?

A

Capillary bed that baths the cells of adenohypophysis. Joined to the primary capillary plexus by portal veins.

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15
Q

Three types of cells in the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Basophilic
  2. Acidophilic
  3. Chromophobic
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16
Q

Basophilic cells

A

Stain blue/light pink because they contain glycoproteins that bind basophil dyes.

Contains FSH, LH, POMC and ACTH

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17
Q

Acidophilic cells

A

Stain dark pink and contain growth and prolactin hormones.

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18
Q

List the 7 hormones, common names, target and effect

A
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19
Q

Where are the cell bodies of neurons secreting oxytocin?

A

Ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus

20
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the neurons secreting vasopressin?

A

Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

21
Q

What are the 3 cell types of posterior pituitary?

A
  1. Pituicytes- astrocytes
  2. Herring bodies
  3. Endothelial cells
22
Q

Herring bodies

A

terminal portions of the axonal processes that contain stored hormones.

23
Q

How are oxytocin and vasopressin transported?

A

They are transported through the axon as prepro-oxytocin and prepro-vasopressin attached to carrier proteins called neurophysins.

24
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

Neural crest derived cells in the thyroid that secrete calcitonin.

25
Q

Thyroid follicle

A

Spherical structures comprised of cuboidal epithelial cell called follicular cells.

Follicular cells produce and secrete thyroglobulin, the precursor to thyroxine which is then stored as Colloid.

26
Q

Production of thyroid hormones

A

TSH binds to the follicular cell, thyroglobulin is endocytosed, delivered to lysosomes and proteolyzed to produce active T3 and T4.

27
Q

Difference between T3 and T4

A

T4 is more stable but T3 is more bioactive

28
Q

What happens if TH is too during development

A

Cretinism

Short stature, cognitive deficits.

29
Q

What can cause hypothyroidism? (3 things)

A
  1. Iodine deficiency
  2. Iodine uptake or oxidation impaired
  3. Autoimmune destruction of thyroglobulin or thyroid peroxidase (Hashimoto’s syndrome)
30
Q

What happens in Iodine deficiency

A

Lower TH, increase in TSH due to lack of negative feedback.

Increased TSH leads to hypertrophy of follicular cells to make more TH (goiter)

31
Q

Grave’s disease

A

hyperthyroid condition in which antibodies constitutively activate the TSH receptor. Thus, thyroglobulin and TH are enhanced but TSH is lowered.

Symptoms: bulging of the eyes, increased appetite but weight loss

32
Q

How are Ca2+ and PO4 stored in the bone matrix?

A

As hydroxyapatite

33
Q

What are the two cell types of parathyroid?

A
  1. Principle or chief cells
  2. Oxyphilic cells
34
Q

Chief cells

A

small lightly stained cells with large centrally located nuclei.

Release PTH in response to low Ca++.

35
Q

What does PTH do for Ca++ in bone?

A

Stimulate the differentiation of osteoclasts to increase Ca++

36
Q

Too much PTH leads to…

A

Kidney stones

37
Q

Too little PTH leads to

A

Harmful effect on nerve, muscle function

38
Q

Oxyphil cells

A

larger, appear in clusters, eosinophilic

39
Q

How does Calcitonin regulate Ca and PO4

A

inhibit bone resorption through its ability to inhibit osteoclast function.

Increase Ca++ excretion in the urine.

40
Q

What is the adrenal cortex derived from?

A

Mesoderm

41
Q

Adrenal medulla derived from

A

Neural crest

42
Q

Different between norepinephrine containing chromaffin cells and epinephrine containing chromaffin cells

A

Norepinphrine: More densely stained core

Epinephrine: less dense stained core

43
Q

What is the biggest layer of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Fasciculata

44
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Round cells in clusters, separated by CT and lipid droplets.

Secretes Aldosterone

45
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

Arranged as cords, one cell layer separated by CT+ capillaries. Round nuclei

Vacuolated cytoplasm indicates high lipid-spongiocyte

Secretes Glucocorticoids

46
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

Small cells, irregular network, surrounded by blood vessels and CT

Secretes androgen precursors

47
Q

What would hypophysectomy lead to?

A

Hypophysectomy is surgical removal of pituitary and it will lead to adrenal corticol atrophy

Renal/Endo/repro (5 decks)

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