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MEH > Endocrine Intro & Appetite > Flashcards

Endocrine Intro & Appetite Flashcards

1
Q

What group or neurones are responsible for controlling the “biological click”

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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2
Q

What are zeitgebers?

A

Cues from environment to keep the body on 24 hour cycle. Temp, light, social interaction, exercise.

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3
Q

Melanin is also involved in setting the biological clock. Which gland is it secreted by?

A

Pineal gland

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4
Q

When are positive feedback loops used?

A

When rapid change needed - blood clotting, ovulation.

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5
Q

Which receptors measure osmotic pressure in the hypothalamus?

A

Osmoreceptors

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6
Q

What will happen to cells if blood osmolality increases?

A

Hypertonic solution. Cells will lose water to extracellular environment and shrink.

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7
Q

Where is ADH secreted from?

A

ADH

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8
Q

Where is ADH secreted?

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

How does the body respond to increased blood osmolality?

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect change and trigger ADH release and thirst.

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10
Q

How does the body respond to a decrease in blood osmolality?

A

Osmoreceptors detect change and decrease ADH secretion from posterior pituitary, this leads to less water reabsorption in the kidney.

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11
Q

How do the endocrine and nervous system differ in terms of speed of control?

A

Endocrine = slow

Nervous system = fast

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12
Q

What hormones are peptide/polypeptide?

A

Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone

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13
Q

What hormones are amino acid derivatives (amines)?

A

NA and arenaline, dopamine, thyroid hormones, melatonin

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14
Q

What hormones are glycoproteins?

A

TSH, FSH, LH

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15
Q

What is the precursor for steroid hormone synthesis?

A

Cholesterol

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16
Q

Which hormones are steroid hormones?

A

Aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone, progesterone

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17
Q

What roles do hormone carrier proteins have?

A
  • Increase solubility of hormone in plasma
  • Increase half life
  • Readily accessible reserve
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18
Q

What type of receptor does adrenaline bind to?

A

GPCR

19
Q

What type of receptor does insulin bind to?

A

Tyrosine kinase

20
Q

What receptors can lipid soluble hormones bind to?

A
  1. Cytoplasmic receptors, binds and enters nucleus

2. Pre-bound receptor on DNA

21
Q

Give an example of a hormone that binds to a pre-bound receptor on DNA hormone response element.

A

Thyroid hormone.

22
Q

What group of hypothalamic neurones are involved in controlling appetite?

A

Arcuate nucleus

23
Q

What 2 types of primary neurones signal to the arcuate nucleus?

A
  1. Stimulatory neurones

2. Inhibitory neurones

24
Q

What neurotransmitters are present in primary stimulatory neurones?

A 
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
25
Q

What do stimulatory neurones do?

A

Promote hunger

26
Q

What neurotransmitters are present in primary inhibitory neurones?

A

POMC which yields alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin.

27
Q

What do inhibitory neurones do?

A

Promote satiety

28
Q

What hormone is released from the stomach wall when the stomach is empty, what effect does it have?

A

Ghrelin - stimulates excitatory primary neurones in arcuate nucleus

29
Q

Which hormone is released by cells in the ileum and cool in response to feeding?

A

PYY (peptide-tyrosine-tyrosine)

30
Q

What effect does PYY have?

A

Inhibits excitatory neurones of arcuate nucleus

Stimulates inhibitory neurones to suppress appetite.

31
Q

Which hormone signals travel from the gut to the hypothalamus to influence hunger?

A

Ghrelin - stomach

PYY (ileum and colon)

32
Q

Which hormones signal from the body to the hypothalamus in appetite regulation?

A

Leptin, insulin, amylin

33
Q

What is leptin produced by?

A

Adipocytes

34
Q

What 2 effects does leptin have on the arcuate nucleus?

A

Suppresses appetite:

  1. Stimulates inhibitory neurones
  2. Inhibits excitatory neurones
35
Q

How does leptin influence heat generation?

A

Induces expression of uncoupling proteins in mitochondria to increase energy loss as heat.

36
Q

How does insulin influence appetite?

A

Stimulates inhibitory neurones to suppress appetite.

Less important that leptin.

37
Q

Where is amylin secreted from?

A

Beta cells in the pancreas

38
Q

What effect does amylin have on appetite?

A

Suppresses appetite

Decreases glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying.

39
Q

Do the units mOsmol/L refer to the osmolality or osmolarity of the solution?

A

Osmolarity

40
Q

A solution of normal saline has a concentration of 308 mOsmol/L (9.0g per litre). What concentration of Na+ ions would be in this solution?

A

154 mmol/L

41
Q

In which region of the brain are the osmoreceptors located?

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

Which class of hormone does thyroid hormone fall under?

A

Amine hormone

43
Q

Name the peptide precursor of the neurotransmitters αMSH, β-endorphin and ACTH.

A

POMC

MEH (19 decks)

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