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HRM Week 1 > Endocrine Histology > Flashcards

Endocrine Histology Flashcards

1
Q

General Observations of Endocrine Glands:

A

No ducts, rich vascularization, epithelially derived cells, release hormones that act by binding hormone receptors.

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2
Q

What two types of hormone receptors exist?

A

Intracellular and Cell surface receptors

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3
Q

What do hormones require?

A

Receptors in target cells. They are effective at low concentrations and regulated by feedback loops.

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4
Q

What are examples of Hormones?

A

Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Adrenals, Pancreatic islets, Pineal, Gastrointestinal tract, Kidneys and others

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5
Q

What are two hormone categories?

A

Amino acid derivatives and Steroids (cholesterol derivatives)

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6
Q

What are Amino Acid Derivatives?

A

From pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids and pancreatic islets. Cells typically endodermally or ectodermally derived.

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7
Q

What are Steroids?

A

From gonads, adrenal cortex. Cells are mesodermally derived.

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8
Q

What are Intracellular Receptors?

A

Receptors located in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell. Hormones are lipid soluble. Steroid hormones or thyroid hormones.

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9
Q

What are Cell surface receptors?

A

Amino acid-derived hormones. Hormones are hydrophilic. Activation of second messenger cascades.

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10
Q

What are three types of tissues with Endocrine Functions?

A

Discrete glands, Glands with Endocrine and Exocrine functions, DNES cells (diffuse neuroendocrine)

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11
Q

What are examples of discrete glands?

A

Pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals

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12
Q

What are examples of glands with endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

Kidney, pancreas, gonads (testis, ovary), placenta

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13
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Hormones target sites on the same cell

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14
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Cell secretes hormones that target an adjacent target cell.

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15
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Hormone is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland and the hormone travels through blood stream until it reaches distant target cells.

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16
Q

What is another name for the Pituitary Gland?

A

Hypophysis

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17
Q

What two components come together during development to make the pituitary gland?

A

Oropharynx ectoderm (Rathkes pouch) and Neuroectoderm

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18
Q

What bone does the pituitary develop within?

A

Sphenoid bone

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19
Q

What is the precursor tissue to the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Neuroectoderm

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20
Q

What is the precursor tissue to the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Oropharynx ectoderm (Rathkes pouch)

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21
Q

What is another name for Neuroectoderm?

A

Floor of the diencephalon

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22
Q

What is another name for Ectoderm?

A

Roof of the stomatodeum

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23
Q

What does the neuroectoderm form?

A

Pars nervosa

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24
Q

What does the Oropharynx ectoderm form?

A

Pars tuberalis, Pars distalis, Pars intermedia

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25
Q

What part of the oropharynx ectoderm encircles the infundibular stalk?

A

Pars tuberalis

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26
Q

What tract travels through the infundibular stalk?

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal tract

27
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

The upper portion of the infundibular stalk.

28
Q

Where are the follicles located?

A

In front of the pars intermedia

29
Q

What is the derivation of the Adenoypophysis? What is another name for it?

A

Oral ectoderm, Anterior lobe

30
Q

What is the derivation of the Neurohypophysis? What is another name for it?

A

Neural ectoderm, Posterior lobe

31
Q

What are the three parts of the Adenohypophysis?

A

Pars tubercles, Pars distalis, Pars intermedia

32
Q

What are the two parts of the Neurohypophysis?

A

Pars nervosa - infundibular process (neural lobe), Infundibulum (neural stalk)

33
Q

What are the components of the Infundibulum (neural stalk)?

A

Infundibular stem, Median eminence of tuber cinereum.

34
Q

What is the function of the Hypophyseal Portal System of Veins?

A

It delivers neurosecretory hormones from the primary capillary plexus of the median eminence to the secondary capillary plexus of the pars distalis.

35
Q

What part of the pituitary has no direct arterial blood supply?

A

Anterior lobe

36
Q

How do hormones flow from the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Backwards through veins back up into the hypothalamus

37
Q

What are the three components of the Adenohypophysis (Anterior lobe) of the Pituitary?

A

Pars distalis, Pars intermedia, Pars tuberalis

38
Q

What are Chromophobes?

A

They don’t take up dye

39
Q

What are Chromophils?

A

They take up dye

40
Q

What is the Pars distalis?

A

75 percent of hypophysis, Parenchyma, Two cell types

41
Q

What makes up the Parenchyma of the Pars distalis?

A

Anastomosing cords of cells, sinusoidal capillaries, Colloid.

42
Q

What cell types are present in the Pars distalis?

A

Chromophobes and Chromophils

43
Q

How much of each cell type makes up the Pars distalis?

A

50 - Chromophobes, degranulated chromophils (most of these cells), 50 - Chromophils.

44
Q

What two cell types make up Chromophils?

A

40 - Acidophils

10 - Basophils

45
Q

What Hormones and Products do Acidophils secrete?

A

Eosinophilic, Somatotropes, Mammotropes (Lactotropes)

46
Q

What are the Somatotropes released by Acidophils?

A

Growth Hormone (GH) and Somatotropin (STH), Acidophilic secretary vesicles

47
Q

What are the Mammotropes (Lactotropes) released by Acidophils?

A

Prolactin (PRL), Acidophilic secretory vesicles, Increase during pregnancy and lactation

48
Q

What three types of hormones do Basophils (of Pars Distalis) secrete?

A

Thyrotropes, Gonadotropes, Corticotropes

49
Q

What are Thyrotropes?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Basophilic secretory vesicles

50
Q

What are Gonadotropes?

A

Largest cells in the adenohypophysis. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) in female or interstitial stimulating hormone (ICSH) in male. Secretory vesicles contain both FSH and ICSH.

51
Q

What are Corticotropes?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone (MSH)

52
Q

What is not present in the pituitary gland?

A

Ducts! Hormones are just released into the connective tissue and goes into vascular system that is interwoven through out the gland

53
Q

What is the significance of the Pars Intermedia?

A

Rudimentary in humans, function unclear, Basophilic cells and chromophobes, Produce melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), corticotropes, Rathkes cysts.

54
Q

What are Rathkes cysts?

A

Remnants of Rathkes pouch. They are follicles lined by cuboidal epithelium and filled with colloid.

55
Q

What is the significance of the Pars tuberalis?

A

Highly vascularized area (superior hypophyseal arteries terminate here to form primary plexus of portal system), Basophilic cells arranged in cords alongside blood vessels, Cells contain FSH and LH.

56
Q

What is the significance of the Pars nervosa?

A

Consists largely of secretory nerve cells (100,000 unmyelinated axons, Cell bodies lie in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus), Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract (passes through infundibular stalk, Ends in pars nervosa, Terminate in rich capillary (fenestrated) plexus)

57
Q

What are two other important structures of the Pars nervosa?

A

Neurosecretory vesicles, Pituicytes

58
Q

What are Neurosecretory vesicles?

A

Storage vesicles synthesized in cell bodies, Contain oxytocin or vasopressin (in different neurons), ATP, and neurophysins (Specific binding proteins for oxytocin and vasopressin), Vesicles transported to pars nervosa via the axon, Accumulate in dilated terminals (Herring bodies) adjacent to capillaries.

59
Q

What are Pituicytes?

A

Supportive cells found throughout posterior lobe. May be specialized neuroglial cells.

60
Q

What are two important hormones released by the Pars Nervosa?

A

Vasopressin (ADH) and Oxytocin

61
Q

What is the histophysiology of Oxytocin?

A

Small polypeptide (9 amino acids), Secretion induced by suckling (milk-ejection reflex), Causes contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli and alveolar docs of mammary glands, Stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction.

62
Q

What is the histophysiology of Vasopressin (ADH - Anti-diuretic hormone)?

A

Small polypeptide, Increases permeability of distal convoluted and collecting tubules to water in the kidney (increases water resorption and concentrates urine)

63
Q

What stimulates ADH secretion?

A

Increase in plasma osmolality, Decrease in blood volume.

64
Q

What is the Histophysiology of Diabetes insipidus? What part of the pituitary is malfunctioning?

A

Lack of ADH or mutation of receptor, Victims may excrete 20 liters of urine/day (polyuria) and drink enormous quantities of water. Pars Nervosa.

HRM Week 1 (11 decks)

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