Endocrine Glands

Question 1

pineal gland makes

Answer 1

melatonin (pinealocytes)

Question 2

hypothalamus makes

Answer 2

RH hormones

Question 3

hypothalamus hormone cells are called

Answer 3

neurosecretory cells

Question 4

hypothalamus directly acts on

Answer 4

pituitary gland

Question 5

hypothalamus and pituitary are connected by the

Answer 5

infundibulum

Question 6

anterior pituitary gland : example hormones

Answer 6

LH, FSH, prolactin

Question 7

anterior pituitary: path of communication

Answer 7

• neurosecretory cells from HYPO
• primary plexus (capillaries)
• secondary plexus releases other hormone

Question 8

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

Answer 8

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Question 9

posterior pituitary: examples

Answer 9

oxytocin, vasopressin (direct contact)

Question 10

posterior pituitary path

Answer 10

• hormone made in hypothalamus
• travels to posterior pituitary
• posterior pituitary releases the original hormone

Question 11

thyroid gland: thyroid precursors

Answer 11

iodinated tyrosines

Question 12

thyroid MIT

Answer 12

=tyrosine + 1 iodine

Question 13

thyroid DIT

Answer 13

= tyrosine + 2 iodine

Question 14

thyroid T3

Answer 14

= MIT +DIT

Question 15

thyroid T4

Answer 15

= DIT+DIT

Question 16

thyroid: solubiity

Answer 16

lipid

Question 17

4 steps to release thyroid

Answer 17

1. Iodination: attach iodine to tyrosines to make DIT or MIT
2. make T3/T4
3. T3/T4 is stuck in thyroglobulin (water soluble so it’s can’t leave the cell)
4. Proteolysis (chop up protein to release thyroid hormone from thyroglobulin)

Question 18

2 parts of adrenal gland

Answer 18

• adrenal medula

- adrenal cortex

Question 19

type of cells & function in adrenal medula

Answer 19

-chormaffin cells make catecholamines (epi, norepi, dopamine)

Question 20

type of cells & function in adrenal cortex

Answer 20

• zona reticularis
• zona fascilata
• zona golerulosa

Question 21

zona reticularis

Answer 21

weak androgens

Question 22

zona fascilata

Answer 22

glucocorticoids

Question 23

zona golmerulosa

Answer 23

aldosterone

Question 24

Pancreas is what type of gland?

Answer 24

exocrine gland

Question 25

Islet of langerhans belong to which gland

Answer 25

pancrease

Question 26

three types of cells is islet of langerhands

Answer 26

• alpha = glucagon (sugar to blood)
• beta = insulin (sugar to cell)
• delta = somatostatin (inhibit alpha & beta)

Question 27

fat secretes

Answer 27

leptin

Question 28

steroid hormone pathway

Answer 28

cholesterol –> progestins –> corticoids (glucocort/mineralocortoids) or androgens (estrogens)

Question 29

where are the sertoli cells

Answer 29

seminiferous tubules

Question 30

role of sertoli cells

Answer 30

• nourish developing sperm
• phagocytosis to make sperm small
• produce inhibit (inhibits pituitary)
• secrete androgen-binding proteins to help androgens travel through blood

Question 31

mature egg cell

Answer 31

graffian cell

Question 32

dead corpus luteum

Answer 32

corpus albicans

Question 33

g protein-coupled receptor messengers

Answer 33

• first = hormone
• effector protein = g protein binds to effector protein (e.g. adenylate cyclase)
• second = cAMP (phosphorylates CREB)

Question 34

look at diagrams for g protein coupled and IP3/DAG

Answer 34

look at diagrams for g protein coupled and IP3/DAG

Question 35

types of hormone regulation

Answer 35

• physiological (positive/negative feedback)
• environmental (temp, time)
• pulsatile secretion (HPT)
• receptor regulation (bound receptors make more of the hormone)