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MS 1 Unit VI Microscopic Anatomy > Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine intro

A
  • system of glands and cells that produce hormones
  • singnaling molecules that are released into the bloodstream and regulate a variety of physiologic functions and metabolic processes
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2
Q

Properties of the hormones produced by the endocrine glands

A
  • act long-distance
  • distributed by circulation
  • released into the bloodstream or interstitial fluid
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3
Q

Properties of the endocrine glands

A
  • most endocrine glands consist of epithelial tissue
  • some endocrine tissue/glands are derived from neural crest cells or neurons
  • no ducts are present in the endocrine glands
  • highly vascular
  • hormones may be stored in intracellular secretory granules
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4
Q

Membrane-impermeable hormones

A
  • hydrophilic
  • receptors for these hormones are located on the cell surface
  • these hormones act through secondary messengers
  • examples: peptides and proteins, glycoproteins, modified amino aicds
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5
Q

Membrane permeable hormones

A
  • receptors are intracellular DNA-binding proteins that affect transcription
  • examples: steroid and thyroid hormones
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6
Q

Cell producing protein hormone characteristics

A
  • abundant rough ER
  • prominent Golgi
  • hormones are often stored in secretory granules
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7
Q

Cell producing steroid hormone characteristics

A
  • centrally located nucleus
  • lipid droplets in the cytoplasm
  • abundant smooth ER for cholesterol synthesis
  • spherical mitochondria with characteristic tubular or vesicular cristae
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8
Q

Hypophysis (pituitary gland)

A
  • pea-sized gland that hangs by a stalk in the hypothalamus in the brain
  • dual embryonic origin: anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is derived from the oral ectoderm and consists of epithelial tissue while posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is derived from the neural ectoderm
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9
Q

Anterior pituitary

A
  • produces a variety of hormones that regulate body growth, milk production and the functions of the other endocrine glands
  • the three regions of the adenohypophysis are pars tuberalis, pars distalis, and pars intermedia
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10
Q

Posterior pituitary

A
  • contains no secretory cells

- it stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus

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11
Q

Cells of the anterior pituitart

A
  • Chromophils- cells containing secretory granules that can interact with the dyes used in histogy: basophils and acidophils
  • Chromophobes (cells that do not contain brightly stained granules)- this group includes stem/pregenitory cells and cells that have released their granules or lost their granules during fixation
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12
Q

Acidophils

A

-include cells that produce two types of protein hormones: somatotropic or growth hormone and mammotropic hormone (prolactin)

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13
Q

Basophils

A

-include cells that produce glycoprotein hormones (FSH, LH, TSH) and small polypeptide hormones (ACTH and Beta-LPH)

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14
Q

Somatotropic cell of anterior pituitary

A
  • somatotropic cell
  • acidophilic
  • 50% of cells
  • somatotropin (growth hormone) produced
  • physiologic activity- growth of long bones and other growth-related processes
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15
Q

Lactotropic or mammotropic cell of anterior pituitary

A
  • acidophilic
  • 15-20% of cells
  • secretes prolactin
  • stimultion of milk secretion
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16
Q

Gonadotrophic cell of anterior pituitary

A
  • basophilic
  • 10%
  • FSH, LH (often produced by the same cell)
  • FSH stimulation of gametogenesis
  • LH: regulation of estrogen and androgen secretion; promotes ovulation in females
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17
Q

Thyrotropic cell of anterior pituitary

A
  • basophilic
  • 5% of cells
  • secretes Thyrotropin (TSH)- stimulation of thyroid hormone secretion
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18
Q

Corticotropic cell of anterior pituitary

A
  • basophilic
  • 15-20% of cells
  • secretes ACTH- stimulation of adrenal cortical hormone secretion; Beta-lipotropin- promotes utilization of fat
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19
Q

Cells and hormones of the pars distalis and par distalis and pars tuberalis in the anterior pituitary

A
  • each cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes only one hormone type, with two exceptions: gonadotropic cells produce two types of gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) and corticotropic cells produce ACTH and Beta- lipotropin
  • different cell types can be distinguished by immunostaining for specific hormones or by electron microscopy because they contain granules of different sizes
20
Q

Cells and hormones of the pars intermedia

A

-in humans, pars intermedia is largely inactive in the adults and contains colloid-filled follicles and cysts (Rathke’s cysts) of unknown function

21
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A
  • neurohypophysis contains no secretory cells
  • contains two cell types: neurons (or more precisely, their axons) and glial cells called pituicytes
  • cell bodies of the neurons are located in the hypothalamus
  • hormones secreted include vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone or ADH) and oxytocin
  • hormones are stored in dilated axons; these eosinophilic dilatations are called Herring bodies
22
Q

Vasopressin

A
  • ADH
  • from posterior pituitary
  • regulation of blood osmolarity; increases water reabsorption in kidney collecting
23
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • stimulation of uterine contraction during childbirth and contraction during childbirth and contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammary glands during nursing
24
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system and control of hypophyseal secretion

A
  • hypothalamus regulates the functions of the adenohypophysis via releasing and inhibiting hormones
  • there are no direct neural connections between the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis
  • hypophysis-regulating hormones produced by the hypothalamus are carried to the adenohypophysis via specialized blood vessels (the portal systems)
25
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • outer layer
  • epithelial origin
  • 3 concentric zones (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis)
  • cells have typical features of steroid-producing cells: central nucleus, adiophilic cytoplasm containing lipid droplets, abundant smooth ER for cholesterol synthesis, spherical mitochondria with characteristic tubular cristae contrain enzymes involved in synthesis of sterioid hormones from cholesterol.
26
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • neuronal origin
  • cells contain electron-dense secretory granules that react with chromium and silver salts (therefore cells of the medulla are referred to as chromaffin or argentaffin)
  • produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
27
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A
  • in adrenal cortex
  • rounded cords of cells
  • steroid-producing cells (appear foamy, especially in the zona fasciculata)
  • mineralocorticoids (primarily aldoesterone)
  • regulation of salt balance
  • regulated by Angiotensin II
28
Q

Zona fasciculata

A
  • in adrenal cortex
  • long cords
  • steroid-producing cells (appears foamy, especially in the zona fasciculata)
  • produce glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol), some DHEA
  • regulation of glucose metabolism
  • regulated by ACTH
29
Q

Zona reticularis

A
  • in adrenal cortex
  • irregular meshwork
  • steriod-producing cells (appear foamy, especially in the zona fasciculata)
  • produce cortisol and a weak androgen (DHEA)
  • glucose regulation and testosterone production
  • regulated by ACTH
30
Q

Cells in adrenal medulla

A
  • cords or clumps
  • cells react with chrome or silver salts
  • catecholamines: epinephrine, norephineprine
  • fight or flight response
  • regulated by sympathetic nervous system
31
Q

Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)

A
  • compact masses of endocrine tissue embedded within the exocrine tissue of the pancreas
  • polygonal or round cells arranged in cords
  • typical protein-secreting cells (abundant RER, Golgi)
  • cells contain secretory granules
  • produce polypeptide hormones
32
Q

Alpha cells

A
  • 20%
  • located on the periphery of the islets
  • glucagon
  • increases blood glucose by promoting conversion of glycogen into glucose
33
Q

Beta cells

A
  • 70%
  • centrally located of islets
  • insulin
  • lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose storage
34
Q

Delta cells

A
  • 5-10%
  • somatostatin
  • inhibits release of other islet cell hormones (local paracrine effect), inhibits release of GH and TSH by the pituitary and HCl secretion by the gastric parietal cells
35
Q

F or PP

A
  • rare
  • pancreatic polypeptide
  • stimulates the activity of gastric chief cells
  • inhibits bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion
36
Q

Thyroid

A
  • located anterior to the trachea
  • consists of follicles, spherical structures lined by simple epithelium and filled with colloid
  • colloid consists of the storage form of the thyroid hormones, called thyroglobulin
37
Q

Follicular cells

A
  • vary inshape from cuboidal to low columnar
  • have features characteristic of protein-secreting cells (abundant RER and Golgi)
  • activity is regulated by the TSH produced by the anterior pituitary
  • thyroid hormones (t3 and t4) regulate basal metabolic rate, body growth and development, heat production
38
Q

Parafollicular cells or C cells

A
  • larger in size than follicular cells
  • appear pate in H and E preparations
  • located within the basal lamina of the follicles or between follicles
  • produce hormone calcitonin that inhibits bone resorption and promotes calcification of bone (opposite of the PTH)
  • regulated by the blood calcium levels
39
Q

Parathyroid glands

A
  • four small oval glands located on the back of thyroid

- has chief cells and oxyphil cells

40
Q

Chief cells

A
  • small polygonal cells
  • pale-staining, slightly acidophilic cytoplasm
  • produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), a polypeptide hormone that increases blood calcium level by regulating osteoclast activity, kidney excretion of calcium, vitamin D synthesis, and intestinal absorption of calcium
  • abundant
  • regulated by the calcium level in the blood
41
Q

Oxyphil cells

A
  • large cells
  • highly acidophilic (=oxyphilic)
  • less abundant
  • unknown function (may produce a small amount of PTH)
42
Q

Endocrine functions of non-endocrine organs

A
  • many non-endocrine organs contain endocrine cells that secrete hormones
  • heart: atrial natriuretic peptide (regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance)
  • kidney: erythropoietin (red blood cell production), renin
  • stomach and small intestine: enteric hormones
  • adipose tissue: leptin- regulates appetite and metabolism, adiponectin- regulates fatty acid and glucose metabolism and modulates sensitivity to insulin
  • steroid hormones (androgens and estrogens)
43
Q

B-FLat

A

-basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

44
Q

GPA

A

-growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by the acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary

45
Q

Salt, sugar, sex hormones

A

-the order of the products of the adrenal cortex: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

MS 1 Unit VI Microscopic Anatomy (5 decks)

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