endocrine genetics Flashcards

1
Q

monogenic disorders

A
single gene aetiology 
6 modes of inheritance: 
- autosomal dominant 
- autosomal recessive
- x linked recessive 
- x linked dominant 
- Y inheritance 
- mitochondrial inheritance
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2
Q

polygenic disorders

A

multi-gene aetiology which often have environmental influences

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3
Q

the classic monogenic endocrine tumours that will come up in exams

A
  • MEN 1
  • MEN 2A
  • MEN 2B
  • CARNEY COMPLEX
  • MCCUNE- ALBRIGHT SYNDROME
  • VON- HIPPEL LINDAU DISEASE
  • NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1
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4
Q

MEN 1 is inherited

A

autosomal dominantly

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5
Q

3 classic tumours occurring in MEN

A
  • Pituitary adenoma
  • Parathyroid hyperplasia
  • Pancreatic islet cell tumour
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6
Q

men 1 is suspected if someone has

A

2/3 or more of the classic tumours

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7
Q

men 1 is caused by a mutation on the

A

men 1 gene on 11q13.1 on chromosome 11

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8
Q

pathophysiology of men 1

A

men 1 gene codes for a protein called menin which is a tumour suppressor gene

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9
Q

men 1 is also known as

A

warmer syndrome

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10
Q

types of pancreatic tumours that occur in men 1

A
  • insulomas cause excessive insulin secretion causing hypoglycaemia
  • gastrinomas cause excessive gastrin secretion causing petit ulcers
  • VIPomas cause excesssive vasoactive intestinal peptide secretion causing severe diarrhoea
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11
Q

gastronome is also known as

A

zollinger ellison syndrome

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12
Q

is there a genotype phenotype correlation in men 1

A

no you cannot predict which tumours will occur

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13
Q

men 1 tumours are

A

mostly benign but 50% of those affected die from the disease

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14
Q

pituitary tumours that occur in MEN 1

A
  • most commonly is a proclatinoma causing hyperprolactinaemia
  • also can be a growth hormone secreting adenoma causing acropmgealy in adults and gigantism in children
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15
Q

what causes death in people with men 1

A
  • malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour

- thymic carcinoid

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16
Q

monitoring of people with men 1

A
  • prolactin and growth hormone levels
  • calcium and parathyroid levels
  • gastrin levels
  • MRI
17
Q

MEN 2 is inherited

A

autosomal dominantly

18
Q

men 2 is caused by a mutation on

A

the RET gene on chromosome 10q11.2 which codes for the RET protein which is a photo-oncogene

19
Q

ret mutation affects

A

specific cysteine residues most commonly the C634 CODON

20
Q

RET MUTATION REUSLTS IN

A

activation of receptor tyrosine kinase A

21
Q

is there a genotype phenotype correlation in men 2

A

yes a very strong one, depends on the mutation you can predict which tumours will occur

22
Q

MEN2A

A
  • parathyroid hyperplasia
  • medullary thyroid carcinoma
  • pheochromocytoma
23
Q

men 2a also known as

A

sipple syndrome

24
Q

MEN2B

A
  • mucosal neuromas
  • medially thyroid carcinoma
  • pheochromocytoma
  • marfanoid body habitus (same body shape as marfans disease)
25
management of MEN 2
prophylactic thyroidectomy at the earliest age possible, screen for pheochromocytoma if high risk screen from age 11 if moderate risk screen from age 16
26
Carney complex is inherited
autosomal dominantly
27
carney complex is caused by a mutation in
PRKAR1A GENE
28
PRAKAR1A provides instruction
for making one subunit go the enzyme protein kinase A this leads to excessive protein kinase A signalling causing uncontrolled cell proliferation
29
classic presentation of carney complex
- primary pigmented nodular adrenocortial disease (ACTH independent autonomous hyper secretion of cortisol causing cushings syndrome) - cardiac myxoma - acromegaly due to pituitary adenoma - thyroid carcinoma
30
mccune- albright syndrome is inherited
IT IS NOT INHERITED AND OCCURS SPORADICALLY
31
mccune albright syndrome occur due to a mutation in
GNAS gene which code for G proteins causing excessive cAMP signalling
32
presentation of mccune albright syndrome
- cafe au last skin (coast of main appearance) - polyostotic fibrous dysplasia ( scar like fibrous tissue in the bones) - early puberty in females - thyroid nodules - pituitary adenoma - cushings syndrome
33
von hippel lindau syndrome is inherited
autosomal dominant
34
von hippel lindau syndrome is caused by a mutation in
the VHL gene which is a tumour suppressor gene causing abnormal cell proliferation
35
presentation of von hippel lindau syndrome
- CNS haemangioblastomas - retinal haemangiobalstomas - endolymphatic sac tumours of the middle ear - pheochromocytoma and clear cell renal carcinoma - pancreatic cysts, serous cyst adenomas, tumours - epididymal (male) or broad ligament (females) cystadenomas
36
neurofibromatosis type 1 is caused by
autosomal dominant inheritance
37
neurofibromatosis type 1 is caused by
mutation in NF1 gene on chromosome 17q11.2
38
presentation of neurofibromatosis type 1
- axillary and inguinal freckling - cafe au lait manuels - lisch nodules - optic gliomas - scoliosis - rarely phaeochromocytomas
39
hereditary peraganglia phaeochromocytoma
- autosomal dominant inheritance - benign tumour of the pre ganglia of the adrenal gland resulting in overproduction of adrenaline and noradrenaline - caused by mutation in SDHD GENE