Endocrine (ex.III)

Question 1

list some characteristics of endocrine organs

Answer 1

• epithelial in origin
• ductless
• highly vascular
• control hormones

Question 2

____ signaling is when a cell sends out a signal that targets receptors on that same cell.

Answer 2

Autocrine

Question 3

____ signaling involves a secretory cell sending a signal out to a receptor on an adjacent cell.

Answer 3

Paracrine

Question 4

____ signaling is when a secretory cell sends a signal through the blood stream to target a distant cell.

Answer 4

Endocrine

Question 5

a hormone can come in the form of ___, ___, or ____

Answer 5

proteins, amino acids, or steroids.

Question 6

What are some examples of Protein hormones?

Answer 6

insulin
glycoproteins (LH, FSH, TSH)
polypeptides (oxytocin, prolactin)

Question 7

What are some examples of Amino Acid proteins?

Answer 7

T3, T4, epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 8

What are some examples of Steroid hormones?

Answer 8

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, and aldosterone

Question 9

What type of hormone passes through the membrane of its target cell and binds to the nucleus?

Answer 9

steroids

Question 10

The ____ is a portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

Answer 10

Hypothalamus

Question 11

another name for the hypophysis cerebri is:

Answer 11

pituitary gland

Question 12

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are stored in the _____ before being released into the blood.

Answer 12

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Question 13

the adenohypophysis is also known as the:

Answer 13

anterior pituitary

Question 14

The reason we see two distinct cell types in the pituitary gland is because it originates from two different places during embryonic development. The anterior pituitary originates from the _____. The posterior pituitary originates from the ____.

Answer 14

anterior: roof of the pharynx (epithelial)
posterior: diencephalon (neuroectodermal)

Question 15

The pars nervosa is a portion of the ____.

Answer 15

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Question 16

The anterior pituitary includes the:
pars____
pars____
pars____

Answer 16

tuberalis
intermedia
distalis

Question 17

_______ are sites where hormones accumulate along the axons of neruons in the neurohypophysis.

Answer 17

Herring bodies

store ADH and oxytocin

Question 18

_______ is a hormone that targets the kidney (collecting ducts) and encourages water reabsorption.

Answer 18

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

____ is a hormone that comes from the posterior pituitary gland and can stimulate uterine smooth muscle to contract or stimulate milk letdown.

Answer 19

oxytocin

Question 20

Which portion of the pituitary gland requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus?

Answer 20

anterior pituitary

adenohypophysis

Question 21

Which portion of the anterior pituitary secretes the majority of hormones?

Answer 21

pars distalis

Question 22

Which portion of the adenohypophysis is a source of melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH)?

Answer 22

pars intermedia

Question 23

Which type of stains can be used to differentiate cells in the pars distalis? (to identify which cells secrete what)

Answer 23

immunohistochemistry stains

Question 24

The epiphysis cerebri is also known as:

Answer 24

pineal gland

Question 25

secretory cells of the epiphysis are called:

Answer 25

pinealocytes

Question 26

Pinealocytes produce which hormone?

Answer 26

melatonin

Question 27

Which secretory cells are stimulated by periods of darkness and are responsible for seasonal reproduction?

Answer 27

pinealocytes

Question 28

Long-day breeders cycle in late spring, summer, and early fall. What animals fall in this category?

Answer 28

horses

Question 29

Short-day breeders cycle in fall. What animals fall in this category?

Answer 29

sheep, goats, deer, elk

Question 30

What is the glassy eosinophilic substance found in the lumen of follicles in the thyroid gland?

Answer 30

colloid

Question 31

When the cells lining follicles of the thyroid gland endocytose thyroglobulin they convert to:

Answer 31

active T3 and T4

Question 32

``` Clear cells(parafollicular cells) can be found between the follicles of the thyroid gland. What do they secrete? ```

Answer 32

calcitonin

Question 33

What are the target organs of calcitonin?

Answer 33

bone and kidney

Question 34

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 34

lowers calcium concentration of the serum by decreasing osteoclast activity

Question 35

What hormone is the antagonist of calcitonin? | Where does it come from?

Answer 35

parathormone (PTH) | parathyroid gland

Question 36

In the adrenal gland the cortex secretes _____ and the medulla secretes ______.

Answer 36

cortex: corticosteroids medulla: catecholamines

Question 37

The cortex of the adrenal gland is made up of 3 distinct layers. List these zones and their secretions in order from outside to inside.

Answer 37

1. Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone (mineralocoriticoids) 2. Zona fasiculata - cortisol (glucocorticoids) 3. Zona reticularis - androgens Salt, Sugar, Sex

Question 38

Which hormone targets the cortex of the adrenal gland is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 38

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Question 39

The medulla of the adrenal gland is stimulated by:

Answer 39

the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Question 40

A ________ is demonstrated in the adrenal gland when an increase of glucocorticoid concentration suppresses the stimulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)

Answer 40

negative feedback loop

Question 41

What cells of the pancreas have endocrine function?

Answer 41

Islets of Langerhan

Question 42

Which hormones does the kidney produce?

Answer 42

renin | erythropoietin

Question 43

What hormone is secreted by atrial myocardial cells?

Answer 43

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Question 44

What is the antagonist of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?

Answer 44

renin | ANP promotes Na+ and water loss decreasing blood pressure