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ABSC (pt. 2) > Endocrine (E1-E4) > Flashcards

Endocrine (E1-E4) Flashcards

1
Q

This is an endocrine gland that secretes a plethora of hormones that regulate homeostasis; works in concert with input from the brain (hypothalamus) to coordinate many of the body’s endocrine organs

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

Blood supply to the pituitary is from these 2 sources

A

Circle of Willis and internal carotid arteries

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3
Q

what is the other name for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

adenohypophysis

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4
Q

this part of the pituitary originates from an up-growth of the oral cavity (Rathke’s pouch) and secretes several hormones (TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, and GH)

A

anterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

this part of the pituitary originates from a down growth of neural secretory tissue from the hypothalamic floor and releases oxytocin and vasopressin

A

posterior pituitary

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6
Q

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes Growth Hormone (GH) (40-50%)

A

somatotropes

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7
Q

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes ACTH (10-20%)

A

corticotropes

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8
Q

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes TSH (5%)

A

thyrotropes

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9
Q

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH (5-20%)

A

gonadotropes

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10
Q

this secretory cell type in the anterior pituitary secretes prolactin (10-30%)

A

lactotropes

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11
Q

this hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary and acts on the kidney to regulate body fluid homeostasis by affecting water reabsorption

A

vasopressin

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12
Q

this hormone has direct and indirect actions on growth; protein, carb and fat metabolism; has rapid catabolic actions and slow anabolic effects

A

growth hormone

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13
Q

Growth Hormone deficiency can lead to this which results from enlargement of Rathke’s pouch or hyperplasia of the anterior pituitary
-animal initially retains puppy coat then develops bilateral symmetrical alopecia/progressive hyperpigmentation

A

pituitary dwarfism

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14
Q

Growth Hormone excess can lead to this condition which can be due to excess GH production by a pituitary adenoma (cats) or progesterone-induced production of GH by hyperplastic epithelium of mammary glands (dogs)

A

acromegaly

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15
Q

Blood supply to the adrenal glands comes from branches of these 2 arteries and the aorta

A

phrenic and renal arteries

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16
Q

this is the inner part of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

A

adrenal medulla

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17
Q

this is the outer part of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex

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18
Q

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland?

A

zona glomerulosa (ZG), zona fasciculata (ZF), zona reticularis (ZR)

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19
Q

what is the main product secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

A

aldosterone

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20
Q

what is the main product secreted by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?

A

glucocorticoids

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21
Q

what is the main product secreted by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

A

sex hormones

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22
Q

what are the three catecholamines?

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine

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23
Q

these are released as part of the “fight or flight” response to stress initiated in the hypothalamus and brain stem

A

catecholamines

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24
Q

the cardiovascular effects of catecholamines on this receptor includes: increased HR, cardiac output, and cardiac contractibility

A

Beta 1

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25
Q

the cardiovascular effects of catecholamines on this receptor includes: selective arteriolar vasoconstriction and increased systolic BP

A

Alpha

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26
Q

the cardiovascular effects of catecholamines on this receptor includes: vasodilatory effects

A

Beta 2

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27
Q

these are hormones of the adrenal cortex with predominate effects on Na+ and K+ excretion; 21-carbon derivatives of cholesterol; ex: aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoids

28
Q

these are hormones of the adrenal cortex with predominate effects on glucose and protein metabolism; 21-carbon derivatives of cholesterol; ex: cortisol and corticosterone

A

glucocorticoids

29
Q

these are hormones of the adrenal cortex are 19-carbomn derivatives of cholesterol; ex: DHEA and androstenedione

A

androgenic steroids

30
Q

these hormones produced by the adrenal cortex play a role in intermediary metabolism to maintain blood glucose levels, are essential for life, and maintain vascular tone

A

glucocorticoids

31
Q

this hormone produced by the adrenal cortex increases reabsorption of Na+ from the urine, saliva & colon contents; primary role is ECF volume maintenance

A

aldosterone

32
Q

these hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are important for peripheral conversion to testosterone

A

adrenal androgens

33
Q

this hormone regulates glucocorticoid secretion (increases GC release) and GCs inhibit its release

A

ACTH

34
Q

secretion of this by the adrenal cortex is regulated to a degree by ACTH but more importantly by renin (via angiotensin II and plasma potassium concentration) (RAAS)

A

aldosterone

35
Q

this condition is a primary immune-mediated destruction of the adrenal cortex, most common in middle-aged female poodle, NOT common in cats
aka Addison’s-like disease

A

hypoadrenocorticism

36
Q

these glands develop from endoderm associated with the pharyngeal gut, they descend to their final location in the anterior part of the neck (lying on either side of the trachea)

A

thyroid glands

37
Q

the two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by this narrow body (humans, sheep, residual in horse)

A

isthmus

38
Q

this is the precursor to thyroid hormone that fills the center of each follicle in the thyroid gland

A

colloid

39
Q

the 4 parathyroid glands that are closely associated with the thyroid glands secrete this hormone

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

40
Q

the 4 parathyroid glands receive blood supply from this artery

A

thyrocervical arteries

41
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released in response to decreased this in the blood (and functions to preserve normal blood levels of it)

A

calcium (and phosphate)

42
Q

this hormone is released by parafollicular or C cells nestled between thyroid gland follicles and decreases extracellular calcium concentration

A

Calcitonin hormone

43
Q

thyroid hormones are generated from these 2 molecules

A

tyrosines and iodide

44
Q

this is an enzyme that controls thyroid hormone synthesis

A

thyroid peroxidase

45
Q

what are the two principal thyroid hormones?

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodotyronine (T3)

46
Q

the rate of synthesis and release of thyroid hormones is controlled by the level of this hormone (which is released by the anterior pituitary)

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

47
Q

the anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to stimulation by this hormone

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

48
Q

this thyroid hormone is responsible for most of the actions of the thyroid and has a very short half-life (<1 day)

A

T3

49
Q

this thyroid hormone is the principle hormone secreted by the thyroid glands but exerts little action of its own, and has a 7 day half-life

A

T4

50
Q

this condition is failure to produce thyroid hormones; leads to decreases MR (weight gain), low body temp, slower HR, lethargy, etc

A

hypothyroidism

51
Q

this condition is when there is over production of thyroid hormones; it leads to increased MR (weight loss), increased appetite, high HR, skeletal muscle weakness, etc

A

hyperthyroidism

52
Q

which lobe of the pancreas lies close to the descending duodenum?

A

right lobe

53
Q

which lobe of the pancreas extends over the caudal surface of the stomach?

A

left lobe

54
Q

this type of pancreas tissue functions as a large gland and consists of acini and associated ducts

A

exocrine

55
Q

this type of pancreas tissue produces hormones in the Islets of Langerhans that are secreted into the blood stream

A

endocrine

56
Q

a lack of insulin or impaired action of insulin can lead to this condition

A

diabetes mellitus

57
Q

these cells in the islets of Langerhans are the most abundant and produce insulin

A

beta cells

58
Q

this is a large polypeptide produced by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, has the opposite effect of insulin (increases glucose availability for organs); released in response to low blood glucose levels

A

glucagon

59
Q

this is a short polypeptide with a short half life produced by the delta cells in the islets of Langerhans and in the hypothalamus; suppresses GH secretion; released in response to increased blood glucose levels

A

somatostatin

60
Q

this hormone promotes glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and amino acid uptake ; and inhibits GNG in the liver and glycogenolysis

A

insulin

61
Q

this type of diabetes mellitus is due to insufficient insulin secretion leading to a complete lack of insulin (insulin-dependent, DDM)

A

type 1

62
Q

this type of diabetes mellitus develops as a result of insulin resistance in the body, lack of appropriate response to insulin by target tissues (non insulin-dependent, NIDDM)

A

type 2

63
Q

this condition occurs when target tissues fail to respond appropriately to insulin, so the insulin demand of the body rises & blood insulin levels are elevated (blood glucose levels eventually become elevated as beta cells become exhausted)

A

hyperinsulinaemia

64
Q

this condition is when there are tumors on insulin secreting islet cells causing them to produce increased levels of insulin leading to hypoglycemia

A

insulinoma

65
Q
A

ABSC (pt. 2) (4 decks)

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