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588300 - Contemporary Intensive Paramedicine > Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What do Endocrine Glands do?

A

Secrete into blood stream

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2
Q

What do Exocrine Glands do?

A

Secrete into specific location (eg sweat glands)

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3
Q

What is Paracrine Signalling?

A

Short distance hormone secretion targeting nearby cells (hormone will travel far, but only has local receptors)

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4
Q

What is Autocrine Signalling?

A

Hormone secretion targeting receptors on same cell

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5
Q

What is Intracrine Signalling?

A

Hormone secretion within cell, regulating intracellular events

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6
Q

What are steroids?

A

Lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol

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7
Q

What are Peptieds?

A

Water soluble hormones made up of chains of amino acids

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8
Q

What are Monoamines?

A

Water soluble hormones made up of a single amino acid

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9
Q

What does the Pituitary Gland do?

A

Receives hormones from hypothalamus and then releases hormones signalling other glands to secrete hormones

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10
Q

What does the Posterior Pituitary Gland do?

A

An extension of the hypothalamus, secretes ADH & oxytocin produced by hypothalamus

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11
Q

What does the Anterior Pituitary Gland do?

A

Produces and secretes a multitude of hormones

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12
Q

What does the Thyroid Gland do?

A

Stimulated by TSH from AP to release T3 & T4 to regulate metabolism, appetite and termogenesis

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13
Q

What is TRH?

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone - produced by hypothalamus to stimulate AP to release TSH

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14
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - produced & released by AP in response to TRH to stimulate Thyroid

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15
Q

What is the Adrenal Gland?

A

Situated on top of kidneys (hence ad-renal), comprising of outer Adrenal Cortex & inner Adrenal Medulla

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16
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex do?

A

Releases corticosteroids (such as glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids) in response to ACTH from AP

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17
Q

What does the Adrenal Medulla do?

A

Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation

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18
Q

Why are they called Glucocorticoids?

A

Because of their ability to stimulate gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

Why are they called Mineralocorticoids?

A

Because they mediate mineral (salt) retention

20
Q

What do Glucocorticoids do?

A

Mediates inflammation through hormones such as cortsol (natural hydrocortisone), and helps enable glucogenesis

21
Q

What do Mineralocorticoids do?

A

Mediates salt and water retention though hormones such as aldesterone

22
Q

What does the Pancreas do?

A

Biggest gland in the body, releases insulin to stimulate glycogenesis in the liver & muscle, lipogenesis in adipose tissue, and releases glucagon to stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver & muscle.

23
Q

What do the Testes do?

A

Release androgens such as testosterone

24
Q

What do the Ovaries do?

A

Release estrogen and progesterone

25
What does CRH do?
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone - released from hypothalamus to stimulate AP to release ACTH
26
What does ACTH do?
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - produced & secreted by AP to stimulate Adrenal Cortex
27
What is the pathophysiology of Addison's Disease?
Insufficient production of corticosteroids (mostly glucocorticoids but also mineralocorticoids) by adrenal cortex. Distinguised from secondary (low ACTH) & tertiary (low CRH) adrenal insufficency. Primary could be adrenal dysgenesis (not formed), impaired steroidogenesis (not releasing), adrenal destruction
28
What are the treatments for Addison's Disease?
Cortisol (such as hydrocortisone or prednisone) and large saline / glucose infusions in crisis.
29
What are the signs & symptoms of Addision's Disease?
Many including hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, hyperpigmentation.
30
What is the pathophysiology of Adrenal Crisis?
Deficiency of cortisol due to untreated Addison's (Addisonian crisis), sudden decrease of adrenal function or sudden stopping of glucocorticoid meds.
31
What are the treatments for Adrenal Crisis?
Cortisol (such as hydrocortisone or prednisone) and large saline / glucose infusions
32
What are the signs & symptoms of Adrenal Crisis?
Many including sudden penetrating pain in legs, lower back or abdo, severe lethargy, confusion, hyperkalemia, hypotension, hypoglycemia
33
What is the pathophysiology of Cushing's Syndrome?
Prolonged exposure to increased cortisol due to taking glucocorticoids, increased ACTH due to pituitary gland tumor, increased CRH
34
What are the signs & symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome?
Rapid central weigh gain (moonface), excessive sweating, facial hair growth, baldness
35
What are the treatments for Cushing's Syndrome?
Decreased corticosteroid med intake, surgery (for tumor), meds
36
What is the pathophysiology of Pheochromocytoma?
Adrenal Medulla tumor, causes excess secretion of catecholomines (adrenaline, noradrenaline)
37
What are catecholomines?
Adrenaline & Noradrenaline
38
What are the signs & symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?
Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, weight loss, severe volume depletion secondary to total RAAS inhibition
39
What are the treatments for Pheochromocytoma?
Surgery
40
What is the pathophysiology of Acromegaly?
Excess growth hormone (GH) production by AP after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty, most commonly due to GH-growing tumor (pituitary adenoma)
41
What are the signs & symptoms of Acromegaly?
Long, slow development of pronounced brow, pronounced lower jaw, soft tissue swelling resulting in enlarged hands / feet / nose / lips / ears
42
What are the treatments for Acromegaly?
Surgery, drug therapy or radiation
43
What is the pathophysiology of Diabetes Insipidus?
Decreased ADH (central DI) or decreased sensitivity to ADH (nephrogenic DI). Nothing to do with Diabetes Mellitus except both produce excessive urine.
44
What are the signs & symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?
Polyuria, polydipsia, normo BSL (hence insipidus = tasteless)
45
What is the pathophysiology of SIADH?
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion - often caused when ADH is produced elsewhere to hypothalamus, often resulting in dilutional hyponatremia (increased fluid with normal Na)
46
What are the signs & symptoms of SIADH?
Cramping, nausea, confusion, Cheyne-Stokes
47
What are the treatments for SIADH?
Increased fluid intake, hypertonic NaCl, meds

588300 - Contemporary Intensive Paramedicine (6 decks)

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