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588300 - Contemporary Intensive Paramedicine > Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What do Endocrine Glands do?

A

Secrete into blood stream

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2
Q

What do Exocrine Glands do?

A

Secrete into specific location (eg sweat glands)

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3
Q

What is Paracrine Signalling?

A

Short distance hormone secretion targeting nearby cells (hormone will travel far, but only has local receptors)

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4
Q

What is Autocrine Signalling?

A

Hormone secretion targeting receptors on same cell

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5
Q

What is Intracrine Signalling?

A

Hormone secretion within cell, regulating intracellular events

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6
Q

What are steroids?

A

Lipid soluble hormones derived from cholesterol

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7
Q

What are Peptieds?

A

Water soluble hormones made up of chains of amino acids

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8
Q

What are Monoamines?

A

Water soluble hormones made up of a single amino acid

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9
Q

What does the Pituitary Gland do?

A

Receives hormones from hypothalamus and then releases hormones signalling other glands to secrete hormones

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10
Q

What does the Posterior Pituitary Gland do?

A

An extension of the hypothalamus, secretes ADH & oxytocin produced by hypothalamus

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11
Q

What does the Anterior Pituitary Gland do?

A

Produces and secretes a multitude of hormones

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12
Q

What does the Thyroid Gland do?

A

Stimulated by TSH from AP to release T3 & T4 to regulate metabolism, appetite and termogenesis

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13
Q

What is TRH?

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone - produced by hypothalamus to stimulate AP to release TSH

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14
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - produced & released by AP in response to TRH to stimulate Thyroid

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15
Q

What is the Adrenal Gland?

A

Situated on top of kidneys (hence ad-renal), comprising of outer Adrenal Cortex & inner Adrenal Medulla

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16
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex do?

A

Releases corticosteroids (such as glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids) in response to ACTH from AP

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17
Q

What does the Adrenal Medulla do?

A

Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation

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18
Q

Why are they called Glucocorticoids?

A

Because of their ability to stimulate gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

Why are they called Mineralocorticoids?

A

Because they mediate mineral (salt) retention

20
Q

What do Glucocorticoids do?

A

Mediates inflammation through hormones such as cortsol (natural hydrocortisone), and helps enable glucogenesis

21
Q

What do Mineralocorticoids do?

A

Mediates salt and water retention though hormones such as aldesterone

22
Q

What does the Pancreas do?

A

Biggest gland in the body, releases insulin to stimulate glycogenesis in the liver & muscle, lipogenesis in adipose tissue, and releases glucagon to stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver & muscle.

23
Q

What do the Testes do?

A

Release androgens such as testosterone

24
Q

What do the Ovaries do?

A

Release estrogen and progesterone

25
Q

What does CRH do?

A

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone - released from hypothalamus to stimulate AP to release ACTH

26
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone - produced & secreted by AP to stimulate Adrenal Cortex

27
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Addison’s Disease?

A

Insufficient production of corticosteroids (mostly glucocorticoids but also mineralocorticoids) by adrenal cortex. Distinguised from secondary (low ACTH) & tertiary (low CRH) adrenal insufficency. Primary could be adrenal dysgenesis (not formed), impaired steroidogenesis (not releasing), adrenal destruction

28
Q

What are the treatments for Addison’s Disease?

A

Cortisol (such as hydrocortisone or prednisone) and large saline / glucose infusions in crisis.

29
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Addision’s Disease?

A

Many including hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, hyperpigmentation.

30
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Adrenal Crisis?

A

Deficiency of cortisol due to untreated Addison’s (Addisonian crisis), sudden decrease of adrenal function or sudden stopping of glucocorticoid meds.

31
Q

What are the treatments for Adrenal Crisis?

A

Cortisol (such as hydrocortisone or prednisone) and large saline / glucose infusions

32
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Adrenal Crisis?

A

Many including sudden penetrating pain in legs, lower back or abdo, severe lethargy, confusion, hyperkalemia, hypotension, hypoglycemia

33
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Prolonged exposure to increased cortisol due to taking glucocorticoids, increased ACTH due to pituitary gland tumor, increased CRH

34
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Rapid central weigh gain (moonface), excessive sweating, facial hair growth, baldness

35
Q

What are the treatments for Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Decreased corticosteroid med intake, surgery (for tumor), meds

36
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Pheochromocytoma?

A

Adrenal Medulla tumor, causes excess secretion of catecholomines (adrenaline, noradrenaline)

37
Q

What are catecholomines?

A

Adrenaline & Noradrenaline

38
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?

A

Hypertension, tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, weight loss, severe volume depletion secondary to total RAAS inhibition

39
Q

What are the treatments for Pheochromocytoma?

A

Surgery

40
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Acromegaly?

A

Excess growth hormone (GH) production by AP after epiphyseal plate closure at puberty, most commonly due to GH-growing tumor (pituitary adenoma)

41
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Acromegaly?

A

Long, slow development of pronounced brow, pronounced lower jaw, soft tissue swelling resulting in enlarged hands / feet / nose / lips / ears

42
Q

What are the treatments for Acromegaly?

A

Surgery, drug therapy or radiation

43
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Decreased ADH (central DI) or decreased sensitivity to ADH (nephrogenic DI). Nothing to do with Diabetes Mellitus except both produce excessive urine.

44
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, normo BSL (hence insipidus = tasteless)

45
Q

What is the pathophysiology of SIADH?

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion - often caused when ADH is produced elsewhere to hypothalamus, often resulting in dilutional hyponatremia (increased fluid with normal Na)

46
Q

What are the signs & symptoms of SIADH?

A

Cramping, nausea, confusion, Cheyne-Stokes

47
Q

What are the treatments for SIADH?

A

Increased fluid intake, hypertonic NaCl, meds

588300 - Contemporary Intensive Paramedicine (6 decks)

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