endocrine communication

Question 1

what are the two types of hormone

Answer 1

steroid and non steroid

Question 2

what is the difference between steroid and non steroid hormones

Answer 2

steroid- oestrogen and progesterone
can pass through the membrane and enter cell nucleus to have direct effect on dna

non steroid- protein and peptide hormones
not soluble in membrane, bind to receptors on cell surface membrane to release second messenger

Question 3

what are examples of non steroid hormones

Answer 3

isnulin
glucagon
adrenaline

Question 4

what are the endocrine organs in the human body

Answer 4

testes
ovaries
adrenal glands
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
thymus

Question 5

steroid hormones can pass through cell surface membrane and enter nucleus to act on dna. what does this do

Answer 5

hormones can turn genes on or off to control protein synthesis

Question 6

what is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 6

endocrine glands - ductless glands
exocrine glands- have ducts

Question 7

how do endocrine glands release hormone without ducts

Answer 7

consist of a group of cells which make and release the hormone directly into the blood in capillaries which run through the gland

Question 8

what is the name of the cells which are the only cells hormones can effect

Answer 8

target cells

Question 9

describe the distribution of adrenaline receptors

Answer 9

widely dispersed in multiple tissues

Question 10

what must target cells posses on their cell surface membranes for non steroid hormones to work

Answer 10

receptors which are complementary to the steroid hormone

Question 11

what action are hormones involved in

Answer 11

cell signalling

Question 12

what are non steroid hormones known as

Answer 12

first messengers

Question 13

what do first messengers do

Answer 13

non steroid hormones

they bind to the receptors of the cell surface membrane and release a signalling molecule which is called the secondary messenger

Question 14

describe the journey of non steroid hormones in terms of g proteins and adenyl cyclase

Answer 14

non steroid hormone binds to g protein on cell surface membrane
g protein is activated by hormone.
g protein activates adenyl cyclase which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (secondary messenger)

Question 15

If cyclic AMP is the secondary messenger what can it do

Answer 15

act directly on other proteins such as ion channel or initiate enzyme controlled reactions

Question 16

what is a target cell

Answer 16

cells which possess a receptor on their plasma membrane which is complimentary to the non steroid hormone

Question 17

what do many target cells form

Answer 17

target tissue

Question 18

what is the endocrine system

Answer 18

a communications system using hormones as signalling molecules

Question 19

what are hormones

Answer 19

molecules released by endocrine glands released directly into the blood